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  3. Investigating the effects of mechanical treatments and silver nanoparticles on the flowering life of alstroemeria cut flowers (Alstroemeria hybrida)

Investigating the effects of mechanical treatments and silver nanoparticles on the flowering life of alstroemeria cut flowers (Alstroemeria hybrida)

Number of pages: 57 File Format: word File Code: 32477
Year: Not Specified University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Alstroemeria - cut flower - Mechanical treatments - Omar Goljaei - Ornamental plants - Silver nanoparticles - The gap at the end of the stem
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  • Summary of Investigating the effects of mechanical treatments and silver nanoparticles on the flowering life of alstroemeria cut flowers (Alstroemeria hybrida)

    Thesis for obtaining a master's degree (M.Sc.)

    Field: horticulture - ornamental plants

    Abstract

    In order to investigate the effect of silver nanoparticles on the flowering life and the hyphae characteristics of alstroemeria cut flowers (Alstroemeria hybrida), a factorial experiment 2 factors based on a completely random design with two factors of stem end gap in 2 levels (5 cm gap and no gap) and silver nanoparticles in 5 levels (0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 mg/L) with 10 treatments, 3 replications, 30 plots and 150 flower branches were carried out. In this study, traits such as flower life, water absorption, fresh weight loss, dry matter, flower opening ratio, Brix degree increase, bacterial population of stem and flower solution, chlorophyll a, b and total, petal carotenoid, ion leakage, ethylene, as well as the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) were evaluated. The results showed that most of the investigated treatments were statistically significant at the level of 1%, except for the attributes of Brix increase, decrease in fresh weight, water absorption, ion leakage, and Golja soluble bacteria, which were significant at the level of 5%. All the investigated treatments improved the flower life compared to the control, and most of the flower life related to the 5 cm gap treatment along with 20 mg/l of silver nanoparticles increased the shelf life of this cut flower by 13.88 days compared to the control (7.05 days). Also, this treatment had the best performance in all traits compared to all treatments.

    Key words: alstroemeria, split at the end of the stem, silver nanoparticles, Omar Goljaei.

    Botany

    Alstroemeria with the scientific name Alstroemeria hybrida It is one of the popular flowers that is cultivated for its beautiful and long-lived flowers. This plant belongs to the sub-branch of monocotyledons, the order of lilies, the genus Alstroemeria and the genus Alstroemeria (Van Doren et al., 1992). Alstroemeria family includes four genera Schickenduntzia, Leontochir, Alstroemeria and Bomaria (Nasseri and Ebrahimi Geroi, 1377). The genera of the Alstroemeriaceae family were first placed in the Amaryllidaceae family due to having an inferior ovary. In 1954, Boxboom examined the structure of their rhizomes and concluded that they are species of Lilium. But since the ovary is superior in the family Liliaceae, they returned to the family Iridaceae and then again to the family Amaryllidaceae, and finally, after several shifts between these families, Alstroemeriace was considered as a separate family (Nasseri and Ebrahimi Garoui, 1377; Hofreiter and Roud Rigaz, 2009).

     

     

     

     

     

     

    Figure 1-1- Alstroemeria flower

    Alstroemeria genus is one of the most beautiful genera of this genus, which has more than 60 species and 190 varieties. It is a herbaceous, perennial plant with rhizomes whose rhizomes grow sympodially and 5 to 7 rhizomes are formed from each main rhizome. The roots are spreading and the aerial part originates from the rhizome. After the development of the plant, the roots turn into fleshy (storage) roots, which are white, dense and hairy. Stems are always unbranched. The leaves are full, elongated, hairless and pointed at the end and usually have a dark green to gray green color. Inflorescence is usually spiked and develops sympodially. Each inflorescence contains 3 to 10 flowers. Two rows of three petals can be seen in the flower building. It has six petals, the three inner petals are different in terms of shape and color from the three outer petals, and it has marks in the form of dots, lines, and rings, whose color is distinct from the color of the petals. The capsule fruit is dry and blossoms (Nasseri and Ebrahimi Geroi, 2007; Kim, 2005; Reid, 2002). It flowers in the long days of late spring and continues until autumn (Doll and Wilkins, 1999).

    Alstroemeria cultivation is very popular in Europe, Japan and North America, because there are cultivars that flower all year round even at temperatures below zero degrees Celsius.. These cultivars have beautiful flowers in a wide range of colors and shapes (Nasseri and Ebrahimi Garoui, 2017). All these cultivars, which now number more than 190, originated from only about 60 species in South America, all of which are different in shape, color and signs on the petals. The largest and most attractive of them are found among the species in Chile, but they often have short-lived leaves. The Brazilian species have long and evergreen leaves, but their flowers are smaller and more closed than the Chilean species (Hofriter and Rodr?guez, 2009).

    Flowering: it flowers in the long days of late spring and lasts until autumn. The flowering of this plant is influenced by the temperature of the rhizome and is controlled by the temperature of the soil around the rhizome. If the soil temperature is 16°C, its flowering period increases (Doll and Wilkins, 1999). Alstroemeria is sensitive to high heat, so it is grown in a cold greenhouse. High temperature promotes the flowering process, but temperatures over 20 to 25 degrees Celsius may have weaker stems and buds become incomplete, viral symptoms appear and early flowering stops (Nasseri and Ebrahimi Geroi, 1377). While the temperature of the greenhouse in winter is considered between 16-18 degrees Celsius. Alstroemeria grows best in dry conditions. Too much water causes root rot. This flower is very fond of nitrogen nitrate, this element is responsible for the dark green color of the branches and leaves. It is recommended to add food in a small amount when the environment is dry. Alstroemeria rhizomes should be planted in light, well-drained soil. In the case of cut flowers, the soil used as a growing medium should be modified by adding materials such as peat-perlite, calcareous sand and clay, and various organic and inorganic compounds (Doll and Wilkins, 1999). History Alstroemeria is also called Peruvian lily, royal lily, or parrot lily. It is native to South America, and its species habitat is spread from the 4000-meter altitudes of the Andes mountains to the edge of deserts and sea coasts. Most of its species are found in Chile and Peru.The genus Alestroemeria was first discovered in Chile in 1714 by Luen Fouillet. He described this genus together with another genus of the same genus (Bomeria) as Hemrocalys. In 1754, a Swedish botanist named Alstr?m brought the seeds of this plant with him to Spain when he returned from his trip to South America. Later, the famous botanist Linnaeus classified this plant based on its appearance and named it Alstroemeria in honor of his friend Alstroemer (Nasseri and Ebrahimi Garoui, 2017; Hofreiter and Ruud Riggs, 2009; Reed, 2002). Currently, 39 species of Alstroemeria have been recorded in Brazil, 33 species in Chile, 10 species in Argentina, 2 species in Peru, and one species in Bolivia, Paraguay, and Venezuela (Hofreiter and Rod Riggs, 2009). rtl;">Abstract

    In order to investigate the effects of splitting and silver nano-particles on vase life and quality characteristics of alstroemeria (Alstroemeria hybrida) cut flower, a two factor factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design was implemented. The experiment consisted of: two factors of stem end cut on two levels (with 5cm splitting and without splitting), silver nano-particles on four levels (0, 5, 10, 20 and 30 mg l-1), 10 treatments, 3 replications, 30 plots and 150 cut flowers. In this study attributes such as vase life, water absorption, loss of fresh weight, dry matter, flower opening ratio, °brix, bacterial population of stem and vase solution, chlorophyll, carotenoids, electrolyte leakage, ethylene, MDA, SOD and POD activity were evaluated. The results showed that most of the studied treatments gained significance on 1% statistical level excluding °brix, bacterial population of vase solution, loss of fresh weight, water absorption and electrolyte leakage which Gained significance on 5% statistical level.

  • Contents & References of Investigating the effects of mechanical treatments and silver nanoparticles on the flowering life of alstroemeria cut flowers (Alstroemeria hybrida)

    List:

    Summary..1

    First chapter: Introduction and generalities. 2

    1-1-Botany..3

    1-2- History..5

    1-3- Economic importance..5

    1-4-Statement of the problem..6

    1-5- Purpose of the experiment.7

    Chapter two: Review of sources. 8

    2-1- Senescence..9

    2-2- Senescence in Alstroemeria flower. 9

    2-3- Vascular blockage..10

    2-4- Factors affecting the life after harvesting of cut flowers. 10

    2-5- Treatment with disinfectant compounds and improving the life of the flowers. 11

    6- Split The end of the stem. 11

    2-7- Silver nanoparticles.. 12

    The third chapter: Materials and methods. 14

    3-1- Plant materials..15

    3-2- Implementation of the experimental design..15

    3-3- Introduction of treatments..16

    3-4- Measurement of traits.

    3-4-3- Dry matter percentage.17

    3-4-4- Water absorption..18

    3-4-5- Ion leakage..18

    3-4-6- Brix degree increase (percentage of sucrose in the stem). 19

    3-4-7- Petal carotenoid pigment. a, b and the whole leaf. 20

    3-4-9- Flower opening ratio. 20

    3-4-10- Ethylene measurement. 21

    3-4-11- Bacterial count of the stem and Golja solution. 21

    3-4-12- Peroxidation of lipids. 22

    3-4-13- Peroxidase enzyme. POD.22

    3-4-14- SOD superoxide dismutase enzyme.22

    3-5- data analysis.22

    Chapter four: Results and discussion. 23

    4-1- Flowering life..24

    4-2- Water absorption..27

    4-3- Fresh weight loss..29

    4-4- Brix degree increase. 30

    4-5- Flower opening ratio.

    6-7- Ion leakage..35

    4-8- Petal carotenoid pigment.36

    4-9- Chlorophyll a..37

    4-10- Chlorophyll b..38

    4-11- Total chlorophyll..39

    4-12- Golja solution bacteria count.41

    4-13- Counting bacteria at the end of the stem.42

    4-14- Measurement of ethylene.44

    4-15- Lipid peroxidation MDA (malondialdehyde).47

    4-16- Antioxidant enzymes.48

    4-16-1- Superoxide dismutase (SOD).48

    4-16-2-peroxidase (POD).49

    General conclusion..51

    Suggestions..51

    Resources..52

     

     

    Source:

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Investigating the effects of mechanical treatments and silver nanoparticles on the flowering life of alstroemeria cut flowers (Alstroemeria hybrida)
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