Investigating the effect of biological and chemical fertilizers on the quantitative and qualitative traits of spruce

Dissertation for receiving the master's degree "M.Sc. »

Treatment: Agriculture

Abstract

This study is aimed at comparing the effect of biological and chemical fertilizers on the performance and morphological traits of the spruce plant in the form of a randomized complete block design in 9 treatments and 4 replications in an area of ??800 square meters in the spring of the year 1391 (02/15/1391) was carried out in a piece of agricultural land in the agricultural research station of Abkhan Poldasht affiliated to the Agricultural Research Center and Natural Resources of West Azerbaijan. The experimental treatments included chemical fertilizer (NPK), biofertilizers, nitroxin, fertilizing phosphate 2, biosulfur, which were applied individually and in combination. 9 treatments were performed in each block. The traits studied were plant height, number of leaves, number of lateral branches, dry matter performance and grain yield, dry matter yield, and protein percentage. Based on the results, the effect of different fertilizer levels on plant height, number of leaves, biological function and dry matter yield was significant at the probability level of 1% and on the traits of the number of stem branches and percentage of crude protein at the probability level of 5%. The highest performance in the attributes of plant height and the number of side branches in the inoculation treatment with nitroxin+biosulfur+fertilizer phosphate, in the attributes of leaf number, dry matter and biological yield, the chemical fertilizer treatment had the highest values. In all the characteristics of biofertilizers, it showed superiority over the control and even chemical fertilizers, which can be concluded that the possibility of replacing biofertilizers, especially nitroxin, with chemical fertilizers can provide the best conditions for achieving maximum quantitative and qualitative performance in spruce. rtl;"> 

Introduction and review of sources

1-1 Introduction

         Human civilization began with agriculture, that is, when people decided to settle in a suitable place in terms of climate and life based on Build a logical order. Man's homeland in a certain territory required food security, and thus man found a new way to prepare his food and started farming. Although a long time has passed since the nightmare of the first human, poverty, famine and malnutrition are still among the great problems of mankind in the century of science and technology. Indiscriminate population growth, destruction of natural resources, environmental pollution, colonial policies of great powers and disregard for high human values ??have all gone hand in hand and have placed an ambiguous destiny beyond the future of human life (Kosikamkos, 1999). In a situation where the faces of about 1.3 of the earth's inhabitants are complicated by the pain of poverty, and about 0.30 to 2.5 billion of the world's people are undernourished both secretly and openly. Some people in some parts of the world suffer from all kinds of dangerous diseases due to a lot of wealth and food, and they leave the world of humanity (Martinez, 1992). In total, grains and legumes provide nearly 2/3 of the food of the people of Asia and Africa directly. While in Europe, North America, Argentina, Australia, and New Zealand, this ratio has decreased to 1/3, and these countries mainly use the products of They use livestock (Rashed Moshle et al., 1376). Agricultural experts and experts believe that increasing food production in the world by increasing the area under cultivation is not possible because wherever there is water and suitable land, planting has also taken place (Mir Hadi, 1380).

Even some countries such as India and China have gone further and created arable land by drying the borders of the seas, in developing countries such as There are many fertile and arable lands in Iran that are currently left uncultivated, but the water limitation prevents them from being cultivated. Therefore, with the ever-increasing population in the world, especially in developing countries, increasing production and providing enough food is only possible by increasing the yield per unit area. There are many ways to increase production per unit area, through research into breeds or obtaining cultivars with high yield and adapted to water conditions.. Therefore, with the ever-increasing population in the world, especially in developing countries, increasing production and providing enough food is possible only by increasing the yield per unit area. There are many ways to increase production per unit area, through research into breeds or obtaining high-yielding cultivars that are compatible with weather conditions, soil and different environments, and through the preparation of cultivars that are resistant to pests and diseases, etc. Planting date, amount of seed per hectare, quality of seed, number of plants per hectare, amount and time of irrigation, amount and time of spreading fertilizer, type of fertilizer used, fight against weeds, rotation and fallow program, more yield can be obtained (Mir Hadi, 1380). rtl;"> 

Chapter One

1_2_General

1-2-1-Botany

Spruce is a plant from the family Fabaceae, subfamily Papilionaceae, tribe Hedysareae, and genus Onobrychis, which is several hundred years old in the country. In various reports, 50 to 70 species of this genus have been reported in Iran, and among these species, O. sativa species is the most desirable in terms of agricultural characteristics, and this species is generally referred to as spruce. Spruce is a perennial plant without thorns, which has a deep root with a diameter of one meter to five centimeters and a depth of several meters with many side branches (almost twice as much as alfalfa). The stems of this plant are upright, hollow, with a height of about one hundred centimeters, which rises from the crown. Spruce leaves are opposite combs, which usually have 7 to 10 pairs of oval-shaped leaflets.

Spruce has a single and upright cluster of flowers 10 to 15 cm long, which has at least ten pink or red-blue flowers with slightly dark streaks. Each inflorescence has five petals, including 2 wings, 2 sepals and a sepal, the male and female organs of the plant are inside the two sepals and are released with a little pressure to these petals. The fruit of this plant is an unblooming pod in the shape of a lentil, its outer surface is reticulated and prominent. Inside each pod, there is a single seed in the shape of a ball, with a smooth surface, brown, light or dark olive, 3 mm long, and the navel is concave in the middle (Omid Begi 1384).

1-2-2- Land preparation and planting spruce

Spruce It grows well in calcareous and dry and relatively light soils, and on the contrary, it does not produce a good crop in fertile soils with a high groundwater table and salty and acidic soils. In general, spruce and alfalfa should not be compared with each other in terms of the appropriateness of use in the same area, and usually in areas suitable for alfalfa, spruce is less cultivated. Spruce cultivation bed should have fertile, loamy soil, free of weeds, with proper slope and good ventilation. After choosing the land, it is necessary to pay attention to the appropriate planting date and timely plowing, soil testing to determine the amount of fertilizer required. Since most of Iran's soils are calcareous, they are suitable for spruce cultivation, because this type of soil provides the calcium and magnesium needed by the plant. In spring planting, it is necessary to do a deep or very deep autumn plowing to a depth of 25-30 cm, depending on the type of soil. In the spring, one or two weeks before planting, if possible, 40-50 tons of animal manure is spread on the ground and applied perpendicularly to the disk and tooth plow. The last stage of leveling the land is to give chemical fertilizers and seeds. In autumn cultivation, the steps of preparing the cultivation bed are the same. The suitable soil for cultivation should have soft and grainy soil (Omid Begi 1384). treatment consisted of chemical fertilizer (NPK) Nytrvksyn bio fertilizer, phosphate fertilize 2, Byvsvlfvr which were applied singly or in combination. Each treatment was performed in block 9. Traits studied were plant height, number of leaves, number of lateral branches, dry matter yield and grain yield, forage yield, protein percentage was dry. Based on the results, different Asrstvh fertilizer on plant height, leaf number, biological yield and dry matter yield in % probability level and the number of branches and stem crude protein content was significant at the 5% level.