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  3. The effect of salinity stress on the growth characteristics of some selected genotypes of almond (Prunus dulcis), grafted on GF677 rootstock.

The effect of salinity stress on the growth characteristics of some selected genotypes of almond (Prunus dulcis), grafted on GF677 rootstock.

Number of pages: 183 File Format: word File Code: 32470
Year: 2016 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Food and Packaging Industries
Tags/Keywords: almonds - Consumable food elements - Growth characteristics - Morphological characteristics - Physiology - Salinity stress - Selected genotypes of almonds - Shahrood number 12
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  • Summary of The effect of salinity stress on the growth characteristics of some selected genotypes of almond (Prunus dulcis), grafted on GF677 rootstock.

    Persian summary

    Effect of salinity stress on the growth characteristics of some selected genotypes of almond (Prunus dulcis) grafted on GF677 rootstock

    The combination of rootstock and scion can affect the growth characteristics and nutrient concentration of almond leaves and roots under salt stress conditions to give In order to evaluate the effect of salinity stress on the morphological, physiological, biochemical characteristics and the concentration of high-use and low-use nutrients in the leaves and roots of a number of almond genotypes, a pot experiment with two genotype factors at 11 levels, including Tono, Nanparil, Ma'ai, Shokofeh, Sahand, Shahroud 12, A200, 1-25, 1-16 and 13-40 grafted on GF677 and GF677 base (not grafted as control) and irrigation water salinity factor including zero, 1.2, 2.4, 3.6 and 4.8 g/l of salt, which had electrical conductivity equal to 0.5, 2.5, 4.9, 7.3 and 9.8 dS/m, respectively, were done. The results showed that by applying salinity stress and increasing its concentration, the growth indices including branch height, branch diameter, total number of leaves, number of healthy leaves, leaf density on the main branch, leaf weight and dry weight, leaf area and leaf area ratio, leaf relative moisture content, aerial body weight and dry weight, root weight and dry weight, chlorophyll index, chlorophyll a, b and total and carotenoid in all studied genotypes decreased and the number of necrotic leaves, the amount of shedding Leaf, ratio of dry weight to heavier weight of shoot, ratio of weight and dry weight of root to weight and dry weight of shoot, percentage of ion leakage and percentage of cell membrane damage were increased. The evaluation of chlorophyll fluorescence changes showed that salt stress decreased the variable fluorescence in plants by increasing the minimum fluorescence and decreasing the maximum fluorescence and reduced the ratio of variable fluorescence to maximum fluorescence (maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II) from 0.83 in the control plants to 0.72 in the upper leaves in the GF677 base and Sahand variety grafted on this base and 0.70 in the lower leaves. Accordingly, the said reduction is a sign of destructive stress in the said plants. In general, the results of this research indicate that both the base and the grafted genotype have a role in the degree of tolerance against salt stress. The GF677 seedlings, which were not transplanted, were able to tolerate the salinity treatment of 2.4 g/l (with electrical conductivity of 4.9 dS/m), but they were severely stressed when the salt concentration increased. The type of transplanted genotype also played a significant role in increasing tolerance to salt stress. In total, the morphological, physiological, biochemical and high-use and low-use nutritional elements investigated in this research, Shahroud 12 variety, was selected as the most tolerant variety to salt stress. This cultivar was able to tolerate salinity up to 3.6 g/l (7.3 dS/m) and to some extent 4.8 g/l (9.8 dS/m). On the other hand, Sahand cultivar and 1-16 genotype were recognized as the most sensitive genotypes to salinity stress. These genotypes, like the control plants (not grafted), could only tolerate salinity up to 4.9 dS/m.

    Key words: almond, salinity stress, morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics, high and low consumption nutrients, Shahroud variety 12.

    Abstract

    Effect of salinity stress on the growth characteristics of selected almond (Prunus dulcis) genotypes budded on GF677 rootstock

    Ali Momenpour

    The scion-rootstock compound and level of salinity affect growth characteristics and concentration of nutrients of almond leaves and roots. In order to evaluate the effect of salinity stress on morphological, physiological and biochemical traits and concentration of nutritional elements of leaves and roots of almond genotypes, a pot experiment was carried out with 2 genotype factors in 11 levels including Touno, Nonpareil, Mamaei, Shokoufeh, Sahand, Shahroud 12, 1-16, 1-25, A200, 13-40 all budded on GF677 and non-budded GF677 as control and water salinity in five levels including 0, 1.2, 2.4, 3.6 and 4.8 g/l of salt with electrical conductivity equal to 0.5, 2.5, 4.9, 7.3 and 9.8 ds/m, respectively.Results revealed that in all of the studied genotypes, branch height, branch diameter, number of total leaves, number of green leaves, leaf density on the main branch, fresh and dry weight, leaf area and leaf area ratio, relative humidity content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophylls and carotenoid of leaves, fresh and dry weight of leaves, shoots and root reduced when salinity level increased. But, number of necrotic leaves, number of downfall leaves, aerial organ dry weight/fresh weight ratio, root/shoot fresh and dry weight ratio, relative ionic percentage and cell membrane injury percentage in upper and lower leaves were increased. Evaluation of chlorophyll fluorescence showed that salinity stress affected the young trees through increasing the amount of minimum fluorescence (FO) and decreasing the maximum fluorescence (Fm) and reducing variable fluorescence (Fv) as well as the ratio of variable fluorescence to maximum fluorescence from 0.83 in the control plants to 0.72 in the upper leaves and 0.70 in the bottom leaves of Sahand and GF677. Overall, the results showed that both of rootstock and type of scion were effective in tolerance to salinity. GF677 rootstocks (non-budded) tolerated salinity of 2.4 g/l (4.9 ds/m), but with increasing salt concentration, plants were severely damaged. The results showed that type of scion affected in tolerance to salinity. In this research, based on morphological, physiological and biochemical traits and concentration of nutritional elements, Shahrood 12 cultivar, was the most tolerant cultivar against salinity stress. This cultivar could well tolerate salinity of 3.6 g/l (7.3 ds/m) and partially salinity 4.8 g/l (9.8 ds/m). In contrast, Sahand cultivar and 1-16 genotype were the most sensitive genotypes to salinity stress. These genotypes as GF677 rootstocks ((non-budded as control) only could tolerate salinity of 2.4 g/l.

    Keywords: Almond, Salinity stress, ,Morphological, Physiological and Biochemical traits, Macronutrients, Micronutrients. Shahrood 12.

    Introduction and purpose

    Six percent of the entire surface of the planet is salty, and of this amount, about 45 million hectares are part of the lands. They are considered irrigated, they are saline [Munns, 2002] Some lands are so salty that crop production is not economical and in many lands, annual cultivation is not possible [Munns and Tester, 2008]. Salinity is usually more problematic in arid and semi-arid areas and areas where rainfall is insufficient to wash salts from the root zone [Munns and Tester, 2008]. About one third of the total area of ??saline soils in the world is located in Asia. [Munns, 1993] About 12% of the total area of ??Iran, equivalent to 19 million hectares, is cultivated and fallow and is used for agricultural production [Momini, 2009]. Obtained in 2010, Iran is the third largest producer in the world with an area under cultivation of more than 170 thousand hectares and a production of 158 thousand tons [FAO, 2013]. Almonds grow in areas with mild winters and hot and dry summers. On the other hand, most regions of Iran are located in arid and semi-arid climates, which limit the growth and development of plants due to dryness and salinity. Usually, water salinity is high in such areas, which causes more damage. Meanwhile, the composition of the base and scion is considered as one of the influencing factors in the level of sensitivity or tolerance to salinity in cultivated fruit trees, including almonds [Moreno and Cambra, 1994; Montaion et al.

  • Contents & References of The effect of salinity stress on the growth characteristics of some selected genotypes of almond (Prunus dulcis), grafted on GF677 rootstock.

    List:

    Persian abstract.

    1-3-Botany..5

    1-4- Value and nutritional properties of almonds..6

    1-5-Basic characteristics. GF677..7

    1-6-Definition of stress..8

    1-7-Salinity stress..9

    1-8-Salinity measurement..10

    1-9-Effect of salinity on plants..11

    1-10-Mechanisms of resistance to salinity in plants..12

    1-11-Types of active oxygen..13

    1-11-1-Types of active oxygen as signals in response to environmental stresses.15

    1-11-2-Classification of stress signaling pathways..15

    1-11-3-General pathway of osmotic stress message transmission..16

    1-12-Effects of salinity stress on properties Growth of almonds and other fruit trees. 18

    1-13- Effects of salinity stress on the physiological characteristics of almonds and other fruit trees. 22

    1-13-1- Effects of salinity stress on photosynthetic parameters of almonds and other fruit trees. 22

    1-13-2- Effects of salinity stress on changes in chlorophyll fluorescence. 24

    1-13-3- Effects of salinity stress on water relations and almonds. Other fruit trees. 26

    1-13-4- Effects of salinity stress on phenol content and antioxidant capacity of almonds and other fruit trees. 28

    1-14- Effects of salinity stress on biochemical properties of almonds and other fruit trees. 29

    1-14-1- Effects of salinity stress on enzyme defense mechanisms. 29

    1-14-1-1 superoxide dismutase (SOD) ..31

    1-14-2- The effects of salinity stress on the activity of peroxidase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase enzymes in almonds and other fruit trees. 32

    1-14-3- The effects of salinity stress on the content of hydrogen peroxide in almonds and other fruit trees. 33

    1-14-4- The effects of salinity stress on the content of total soluble proteins in almonds and other trees Fruit. 34

    1-14-5- Effects of salinity stress on the synthesis of osmotic regulators of almonds and other fruit trees. 36

    1-14-5-1-proline..37

    1-14-5-2-soluble and insoluble carbohydrates.. 39

    1-14-6- Effects of salinity stress on lipid peroxidation in almonds and other trees. Fruit. 40

    1-15- The effects of salinity stress on the status of nutrients in almonds and other fruit trees. 42

    2-Materials and methods..46

    2-1- Test place..47

    2-2- Experimental design..47

    2-3- Test materials..47

    2-3-1-Characteristics of studied genotypes..49

    2-4-Treatment actions. Salinity..50

    2-5-Evaluation of morphological traits..51

    2-6-Evaluation of physiological traits..52

    2-6-1-Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters..52

    2-6-2-Measuring chlorophyll and carotenoids..53

    2-6-3-Index Chlorophyll..53

    2-6-4-relative leaf water content..53

    2-6-5- relative ion leakage..54

    2-6-6- percentage of cell membrane damage..54

    2-6-7- total phenol..54

    2-6-7-1- extraction from fruit tissue..54

    2-6-7-2- Determination of total phenol by spectrophotometric method.55

    2-6-8- Total antioxidant capacity..56

    2-7-Evaluation of biochemical traits..56

    2-7-1-Soluble carbohydrates..56

    2-7-2-Insoluble carbohydrates..58

    2-7-3-proline..59

    2-7-4-lipid peroxidation..60

    2-7-4-1-malondialdehyde (MDA) ..60

    2-7-4-2-measurement of other aldehydes (propanal, butanal, hexanal, heptanal and dimethyl propanal) 60

    2-7-5-Hydrogen peroxide..61

    2-7-6-Total soluble protein and enzyme activity assay. Total..62

    2-7-6-3-1-preparation of assay buffers..62

    2-7-6-3-2-determination of total soluble protein content..62

    2-7-6-4- peroxidase enzyme (POD) ..63

    2-7-6-4-1-preparation of assay buffers..63

    2-7-6-4-2-Enzyme activity determination..63

    2-7-6-5-ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzyme..64

    2-7-6-5-1-Preparation of assay buffers..64

    2-7-6-5-2-Enzyme activity determination..64

    2-7-6-6-catalase (CAT) enzyme..64

    2-7-6-6-1-preparation of assay buffers..64

    2-7-6-6-2-determination of enzyme activity64

    2-7-6-6-2- Determination of catalase enzyme activity. 64

    2-8- Root and leaf mineral elements. 65

    2-8-1- preparation of ash. 65

    2-8-2-nitrogen. 65

    2-8-3-potassium. 66

    2-8-3-1- Prepare measuring solutions. 66

    2-8-3-2- determination of potassium content. 66

    2-8-4-Sodium. 67

    2-8-4-1- Preparation of assay solutions. 67

    2-8-4-2- Determination of sodium content. 68

    2-8-5-Phosphorus. 69

    2-8-5-1- Preparation of assay solutions. 69

    2-8-5-2-determination of phosphorus content. 69

    2-8-6-Calcium.70

    2-8-7-Magnesium.71

    2-8-8-Iron.71

    2-8-9-Zinc.72

    2-8-10-Cu.73

    2-8-11-Chlorine.74

    2-9- Decomposition Data analysis.74

    3-Results and discussion.75

    3-1-Evaluation of salinity and genotype interaction on morphological traits.77

    3-2-Evaluation of salinity and genotype interaction on physiological traits.87

    3-2-1-Effect of salinity treatment on chlorophyll fluorescence changes.87

    3-2-1-1- Interaction of salinity treatment and genotype on chlorophyll fluorescence changes. 87

    3-2-1-2- Time and genotype interaction on chlorophyll fluorescence changes. 90

    3-2-1-3- Interaction of salinity treatment and time on chlorophyll fluorescence changes. 93

    3-2-2- Interaction of salinity and Genotype on the content of leaf relative humidity. 94

    3-2-3- Interaction of salinity and genotype on the content of ion leakage and cell membrane damage. 95

    3-2-4- Interaction of salinity and genotype on chlorophyll index. 96

    3-2-5- Interaction of salinity and genotype on the content of chlorophylls a, b, total and carotenoid. 97

    3-3-Assessing the interaction of salinity and genotype on biochemical characteristics. 101

    3-3-1- Interaction of salinity and genotype on total phenol content and antioxidant capacity. 101

    3-3-2- Interaction of salinity and genotype on the content of soluble and insoluble carbohydrates. 102

    3-3-3- Interaction of salinity and genotype on proline content. 108

    3-3-4- Interaction of salinity and genotype on lipid peroxidation (content of malondialdehyde and other aldehydes. 109

    3-3-5- Interaction of salinity and genotype on total soluble proteins content. 111

    3-3-6- Interaction of salinity and genotype on catalase enzyme activity. 112

    3-3-7- Interaction of salinity and genotype on guaiacol peroxidase enzyme activity. 114

    3-3-8- Interaction of salinity and genotype on ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity. 115

    3-3-9- Interaction of salinity and Genotype on the content of hydrogen peroxide. 117

    3-4- The interaction of salinity and genotype on the status of high and low consumption nutrients in leaves and roots. 119

    3-4-1- The interaction of salinity and genotype on the sodium content of leaves and roots. 119

    3-4-2- The interaction of salinity and genotype on the nitrogen content of leaves and 120

    3-4-3- Interaction of salinity and genotype on leaf and root potassium content. 122

    4-3-4- Interaction of salinity and genotype on leaf and root calcium content. 125

    3-4-5- Interaction of salinity and genotype on leaf and root magnesium content. 126

    3-4-6-Salinity and genotype interaction on leaf and root phosphorus concentration.128

    3-4-7-Salinity and genotype interaction on leaf and root chlorine concentration.134

    3-4-8-Salinity and genotype interaction on leaf and root zinc concentration.135

    3-4-9-Salinity and genotype interaction on leaf copper concentration and root 136. 3-4-10-Salinity and genotype interaction on leaf and root iron concentration. 137

    3-5- Correlation between traits. 142

    3-6- General conclusion. 147

    3-7- Suggestions. 148

    4- Scientific resources. 149

    5-appendices.159

     

    Source:

     

    Emami, A. 1375. Plant decomposition methods. Publications of the Agricultural Research, Education and Promotion Organization. Soil and Water Institute. 130 pages

    Orei, M., J. Tabatabaei, A. Falahi and A. Imani 2018. Effects of salinity and base stress on growth, photosynthesis intensity, concentration of nutrients and sodium of almond tree. Journal of Horticultural Sciences. Volume 23, Number 2, Pages 140-131. Imani, A., D. Hosni, and S. Hossein Ava 2018. Strategic plan for dried fruits. Publications of the Research Institute for Breeding and Preparation of Seedlings and Seeds. 150 pages.

    Babalar, M. and M. Pirmaradian 2017. Nutrition of fruit trees. Third edition. Tehran University Publications. 301 pages.

    By Burdi, A. 2013. Evaluation of salinity tolerance of late-flowering almond cultivars. Journal of production and processing of horticultural and agricultural products. Volume 3, Number 3, Pages 225-217. Jalili Marandi, R., P. Dostali and A. Hosni. 2018. Investigating the tolerance of two apple rootstocks to different concentrations of sodium chloride in in vitro conditions. Journal of Horticultural Sciences of Iran.

The effect of salinity stress on the growth characteristics of some selected genotypes of almond (Prunus dulcis), grafted on GF677 rootstock.
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