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  3. Studying the effects of foliar spraying of low consumption elements on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sesame

Studying the effects of foliar spraying of low consumption elements on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sesame

Number of pages: 55 File Format: word File Code: 32455
Year: Not Specified University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Low consumption elements - Micronutrients - Nitrogen fertilizer - Oil seeds - Sesame - Sesame performance - Spraying - Urea fertilizer
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  • Summary of Studying the effects of foliar spraying of low consumption elements on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sesame

    Abstract

    This experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer (50, 100, 150 and 200 kg/hectare) and foliar spraying of low consumption elements zinc, boron and the mutual effects of zinc and boron on the yield of sesame, a local cultivar of Peldasht, at the agricultural and natural resources research station of Khoi in 2012 crop year. The results showed that the application of urea fertilizer was significant on the height of the plant, the height of the first reproductive branch from the ground, the number of lateral branches, the number of capsules in the secondary branch, the number of seeds in the capsule, the weight of 1000 seeds, stem diameter, protein percentage, biological yield, harvest index, oil yield, and seed yield, but it was not significant on the number of capsules in the main branch and the percentage of oil. The effect of foliar application of micronutrient elements was also significant on all investigated traits except oil percentage at the 1% probability level. The interaction effect of urea fertilizer application and foliar application of micronutrient elements on the number of capsules in the main branch, protein percentage and biological performance was significant at the 5% probability level. The highest seed yield of 2437.880 kg/ha was observed with the application of urea fertilizer (100 kg/ha) and 2400.145 kg/ha with boron foliar spraying.

    Key words: sesame, urea fertilizer, micronutrient elements, foliar spraying

    Introduction to investigate different levels of nitrogen fertilizer and foliar spraying of low consumption elements on the yield of Sesame of the Paldasht variety.

    Today, oilseeds are the second food reserves in the world after grains, in order to provide essential human needs (Shariati and Shahnizadeh, 2019). The trend of population growth is such that the population of 6 billion in 1999 will reach 9 billion people in 2050, and on the other hand, the arable land in the world in 1998 was about 0.25 hectares per person and in 2050, the population will reach 0.15 hectares per person. On the other hand, in developed and developing countries, the demand for flour rich in protein and edible vegetable oil has caused the production of cereals to decrease and oilseeds to increase. So that from 1978 to 1999, the production of cereals has grown by 21% and has reached the production level of 1.849 million tons, but in the same period, the production of oilseeds has grown by 95% and has reached the production level of 277.2 million tons. The world's food basket has shifted from starch consumption to fat and protein consumption (Pourmand, 2009). Out of 125 million hectares of oilseed cultivation in the world, 23 million hectares in India are under the cultivation of 9 oilseeds (Ahmadi, 1378).

    Sesame is the oldest oilseed plant in the world. The original home of this plant was Africa (Ethiopia), but it was quickly transferred to India, China and Japan. Sesame planting in Iran has a long history and currently it is cultivated in different regions of the country such as Khuzestan, Baluchistan, Yazd, Isfahan and in some cold regions such as Arak, Hamadan, Nahavand, Nahavand and Maragheh. Its average yield is 600-700 kg per hectare and its potential reaches more than 500 kg per hectare (Afkari, 1388).

         Considering the per capita consumption of vegetable oils, which reaches about 12 kg per year, and the import of oil in the country, these products are of special importance. According to the statistics listed in the PGRO Center (Centers for Protected Genetic Resources of the Sesame Plant for Research), Iran ranks eighth in terms of important genetic resources of the sesame plant.

           Due to Iran being located in the climatic conditions of arid and semi-arid regions, the limited amount of rainfall with improper distribution, the chemical conditions of fertile soils in the cultivated areas are unsuitable and have a high pH, ??so that under the current conditions, the use of fertilizers is Chemical fertilizers do not provide adequate satisfaction due to leaching or excessive accumulation in the soil (Khaldebrin and Islamzadeh, 2010).

    Optimal use of soil strengthening materials, especially chemical fertilizers, as a useful tool to achieve maximum production per unit area, seems inevitable.

          Optimal use of soil strengthening materials, especially chemical fertilizers, as a useful tool to achieve the maximum production per unit area, seems inevitable, however, it should be considered that while using these synthetic materials that increase production per unit area, the qualitative improvement of the produced product should also be considered and also to prevent environmental pollution, especially soil and underground water, in order to prevent the excessive accumulation of nitrates. Today, in the use of chemical fertilizers to increase production per unit area, methods such as soil application, solution fertilization with irrigation, mixing fertilizer with seeds, and foliar spraying are common. Therefore, foliar spraying plays a significant role due to its advantages such as quick reaction and minimal environmental pollution, as well as reducing fertilizer consumption in order to achieve sustainable agriculture (Malkoti and Ziyaian, 1379).

    Researchers have estimated that 60 percent of the world's agricultural lands suffer from a lack of food, which is caused by the lack, inaccessibility or toxicity of some essential elements (Bukovich, 2003).

         Therefore, improving soil fertility is one of the most important strategies to increase agricultural production. Nevertheless, even now, maintaining the stable level of nitrogen and phosphorus is the most limiting element for plant growth and still remains a problem (Castagno et al., 2008).

    Other researchers have also reported that improving fertilizer management is necessary to optimize economic income and reduce environmental damage caused by excessive use of nitrogen (Karanka et al., 2009).

     

     

     

           According to what was stated, the new contents of this research with the aim:

    1- To study the effects of foliar spraying of low consumption elements on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sesame

    2- The investigation of different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and performance components of sesame

    3- The investigation of the mutual effects of nitrogen and foliar spraying of low consumption elements on the yield and performance components of sesame

    was done.

    Chapter One

    Overview and review of sources

    Cultivation area, production and yield of sesame in the world and Iran:

    The area under cultivation of sesame in the world in 2005 according to the statistics of the World Food Organization (FAO), 7,544,609 hectares, the average yield is 4410 kg per hectare and the seed production is 3,325,679 tons has been In this year, among the sesame producing countries, India has the highest level and amount of production with an area of ??1850,000 hectares and a production of 680,000 tons. 

    - Sesame cultivation and production area in Iran:

    According to five-year statistics (85-81), the sesame cultivation area in Iran fluctuated between 20 and 40 thousand hectares. Sesame cultivation is done in 22 provinces of the country. The main areas of sesame cultivation are in the provinces of Fars, Khuzestan, Jiroft, Bushehr, Ardabil (Maghan), North Khorasan. The five provinces of Fars, Khuzestan, Jiroft, Khorasan-Razavi and Ardabil account for 80% of the country's sesame cultivated area every year. The cultivated area of ??dry sesame belongs to Razavi Khorasan, North Khorasan and Mazandaran provinces. The cultivated area, yield and production of sesame in the country during 16 years from 1370 to 1385 are available in Table No. 3. As Table No. 3 shows, in this 16-year period, the area under sesame cultivation in the country has increased from 34,200 hectares to 34,804 hectares. The highest cultivated area was 47,814 hectares in 1379 and the lowest cultivated area was 27,376 hectares in 1373, and the minimum production was reported with 11,531 tons in 1377 and the highest amount of production was reported in 1384 with 32,862 tons. The maximum average yield in this period in the whole country was 813 kg per hectare in 1384 and the minimum was 284 kg in 1377.

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Studying the effects of foliar spraying of low consumption elements on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sesame
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