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  3. Phytochemical and biological properties of essential oils of two Iranian savory species

Phytochemical and biological properties of essential oils of two Iranian savory species

Number of pages: 82 File Format: word File Code: 32448
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Antimicrobial property - Diffusion disk - essential oil - Iranian seasoning - Marzeh Khuzestani - Marzeh Reshingari - Medicinal plants - Micro broth dilution - yeast
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  • Summary of Phytochemical and biological properties of essential oils of two Iranian savory species

    Dissertation for Master's Degree

    Agricultural Engineering-Physiology and Breeding of Medicinal Plants

    Abstract:

    This research was carried out in order to extract, identify the constituent compounds and the antimicrobial properties of the essential oils of two varieties of Khuzestani Marza and Rashingari Marza. Extraction of essential oils was carried out by distillation with water by Clonger, the analysis of essential oils was analyzed by a gas chromatograph connected to a mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Forty-four compounds were identified in Khuzestani savory essential oil, which accounted for 99.98% of the essential oil, and the main identified compounds were carvacrol (92.16%), and forty-six compounds were identified in Reshingari savory essential oil, which accounted for 99.97% of the essential oil, and the main identified compounds were carvacrol (89.11%). In order to investigate the antimicrobial properties of Khuzestani and Reshingari essential oils against gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and yeast Candida albicans and gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design in 3 replications using two disk diffusion and microbroth dilution methods. The results showed that the essential oil of Khuzestani plant on Candida albicans yeast and then Bacillus cereus bacteria, as well as Reshingari essential oil on Bacillus cereus bacteria and then Candida albicans yeast has the greatest effect, and on Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria and Escherichia coli Gram-negative bacteria, it has the least effect, which shows the greater effect of Khuzestani savory essential oil and Reshingari savory on gram positive bacteria and yeast. The proportion of gram-negative bacteria is negative. Essential oil, Khuzestani marzah, Reshingari marzah, antimicrobial property, disc diffusion method, micro broth dilution method.

    Chapter one:

    Generalities

    Introduction:

            Medicinal plants are plants with an interesting and distinguished history (Omidbeigi, 2004), the ancient knowledge of the medicinal properties of plants may be beyond the memory of history. One of the important reasons for this age is the presence of deep-rooted beliefs of the people of different lands regarding the use of medicinal plants (Omidbeighi, 2012). Today, the place of medicinal plants in the health of the society in general and the value of medicinal and aromatic plants in particular is not hidden by anyone (Babakhanlou et al., 2017). Paying attention to medicinal plants is a major part of traditional Iranian medicine, and providing correct and scientific information about their cultivation, maintenance and use based on new findings is gaining special importance day by day (Flock, 2014). The people of developed countries live in a heather and use medicinal plants more or less for treatment (Mushafi et al., 2013). Among the very important medicinal plants are the plants of the mint family, which is one of the largest plant families (Zargari, 1376). The purpose of this research is to identify the percentage and constituents of the essential oils of two plants, Khuzestani and Reshingari, and to investigate the biological properties of the essential oils of the two plants on Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans yeast, in order to use these plants in the pharmaceutical industry.

    1-1-History of medicinal plants:

    According to estimates, there are currently 750,000 flowering or seed plants on earth, and 300,000 plants have been identified in the world so far. The American continent is one of the rich sources of plants in the world with 138 thousand plant species, while the Asian continent has 123 thousand plant species. Among Asian countries, the largest number and variety of species belong to China, Indonesia, India, Burma, Thailand, Malaysia and Iran.. Iran, which is one of the seven Asian countries, has the most medicinal plants, and in the past three decades, we have seen the growing trend of people using these herbal medicines and reviving traditional medicine (Ait Elahi, 2009). Iran's rich flora includes more than 8000 plant species, which is 2 times the flora of the European continent, and it is considered as a unique advantage in the world (Mirjalili, 2012). Iran is one of the few and most unique countries that has diverse climate and special soil conditions, which has caused the growth of various plants such as medicinal plants, which can be considered a rich gene bank (Jaafari et al., 1375). rtl;">        Most people do not see a difference between medicinal plants and herbal medicines, while herbal medicines [2], which are also called effective substances [3], are medicines obtained from plants and contain chemical compounds that act individually or in combination in the human body and prevent disorders and cause the return of health (Eric Fonwick and Wink, 2017). The difference between medicinal plants and herbal medicines with chemical medicines can be counted in their lesser side effects, and with the advent of chemical and biological medicines, the role and importance of medicinal plants in providing human health has been forgotten, but with the passage of time, the reception of medicinal plants has faced a significant growth. It seems that the people of the world are tired of a series of failures of modern medicine and are increasingly turning to herbal medicines (Qassimi Dehkordi et al., 1380). The existence of its apparent advantages compared to traditional medicine has brought with it, the increasing use of chemical drugs, which unfortunately is becoming more acute day by day. Regarding the consequences of this issue, two very important points can be pointed out:

    Firstly, microbes and viruses gradually become normal as a result of continuous, indiscriminate use and sometimes without paying attention to the specific way of taking some drugs; In this way, the effect of drugs is weakened and even neutralized, and as a result, patients turn to increasing the use of stronger types of drugs.

    Secondly, although the use of chemical drugs is useful in the treatment of certain diseases that are intended, but their long-term use and in some cases intermittent use of them leaves special effects, which are called "side effects" and sometimes may be more dangerous than the disease itself.

    Of course, this point should not be ignored that chemical drugs are mainly prepared artificially in pharmaceutical laboratories by imitating the formula of herbal drugs, but recently it has been determined that if some types of compounds found in plants that are prepared pure in laboratories are used together with other compounds found in the plant, their side effects disappear and only its beneficial effects are revealed in the person (Vlog and Stodolage, 1387).

    1-3- Mint family:

    Mint family is one of the largest plant families that has more than 4000 species and 200 genera, this family includes flowering plants and is distributed in all parts of the world, especially in the Mediterranean region have (they are not found only in the north and south polar regions) (Omidbeighi, 2012). Most of the plants of this family produce essential oils, terpenes and phenolic compounds (Zargari, 1376; Bagalian and Naqadi Badi, 1379). Most of the plants of this family produce terpenes and various aromatic compounds that store most of these compounds in the epidermal glands of leaves, stems and flowers. Usually, the plants of this family have a pleasant and sometimes spicy smell due to their essential oil. The secreted essential oil also collects under the cuticle, usually outside the cellulose wall, and this itself causes the skin to appear slightly swollen in the same area (Zargari, 2019).

  • Contents & References of Phytochemical and biological properties of essential oils of two Iranian savory species

    List:

    Table of Contents

    Title

    List of Figures. G

    Abstract .. Q

     

    Chapter One: General Research

    1- Introduction:.. 1

    1-1- History of medicinal plants: 1

    1-2- Difference between medicinal plants, herbal and chemical drugs: 2

    1-2-1- Preference of medicinal plants: 2

    1-3- Neanaian variety: 3

    1-3-1- Effective ingredients: 4

    1-4- Genus Marza: 5

    1-4-1- Species available in Iran: 6

    1-4-2- Khuzestani marza: 6

    1-4-3- Reshingari marza: 7

    1-4-4- The active ingredients of the herb: 5

    1-4-5- Medicinal properties of the herb: 6

    1-5- Classification of medicinal plants: 8

    1-5-1- Classification based on the active ingredient: 9

    1-5-1-1- Alkaloids: 10

    1-5-1-2- Glycosides: 11

    1-5-1-3- Volatile oils (essential oils): 12

    1-5-1-4- Bitter substances: 14

    1-5-1-5- Flavones and flavonoids: 14

    1-5-1-6- Mucilage: 15

    1-5-1-7- Saponins: 15

    1-5-1-8- Silicic acid: 16

    1-5-1-9- Tannins: 16

    1-5-2- Function and role of secondary metabolites: 17

    1-6- Introduction of some human pathogenic bacteria: 18

    1-6-1- Escherichia coli: 18

    1-6-2- Staphylococcus aureus: 19

    1-6-3- Staphylococcus epidermidis: 19

    1-6-4- Bacillus cereus: 19

    1-6-5- Candida albicans: 20

    Chapter Two: Review of research

    2-1- Review of research 21

    2-2- An overview of the researches conducted on the antimicrobial properties of different types of marza: 22

    Chapter three: Materials and methods

    1-3- Plant materials: 27

    3-2- Extraction of the essence of Khuzestani marza and Reshingari marza: 27

    3-3- Analysis of essential oil compounds of Khuzestani and Reshingari marzah using GC/MS device: 27

    3-4- Purification of microbes and their storage: 29

    3-5- Names of tested microorganisms: 29

    3-6- Determining the diameter of the non-growth halo for the values ??of minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum lethal concentration Microorganisms: 30

    3-7- Determining the minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum lethal concentration of microorganisms by the microbroth dilution method: 32

    3-8- Statistical analysis: 32

    Chapter four: Analysis and results

    4-1- Compositions of the essence of Khuzestan sweet plant: 34

    4-2- Compositions of Reshingari savory plant essential oil: 37

    4-3- Antimicrobial activity of Khuzestani savory plant essential oil: 40

    4-4- Comparison of microorganisms based on growth halo under the influence of Khuzestani savory plant essential oil: 40

    4-5- Variance analysis of the final concentration of Khuzestani savory plant essential oil in Microbroth dilution method: 43

    . 6-4- Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bacterial killing concentration (MBC) of Khuzestan savory plant essential oil in the micro-broth dilution method: 43

    4-7- Antimicrobial activity of Reshingari savory plant essential oil: 44

    4-8- Comparison of microorganisms based on the diameter of no growth under the influence of Reshingari savory plant essential oil: 45

    4-9- Variance analysis of the final concentration of Reshingari savory plant essential oil in the microbroth dilution method: 48

    4-10- Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bacterial killing concentration (MBC) of Reshingari savory plant essential oil in the microbroth dilution method: 48

    Chapter five: discussion and result Giri 5-1- Compositions of Khuzestani and Reshingari savory plant essential oil: 50

    5-2- Antimicrobial property of Khuzestani and Reshingari savory plant essential oil: 55

    Conclusion: 60

    Suggestions: 60

    Resources:                            6-4- Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bacterial killing concentration (MBC) of Khuzestan savory plant essential oil in the micro-broth dilution method: 43

    4-7- Antimicrobial activity of Reshingari savory plant essential oil: 44

    4-8- Comparison of microorganisms based on the diameter of the lack of growth under the influence of Reshingari savory plant essential oil: 45

    4-9- Variance analysis of the final concentration of Reshingari savory plant essential oil in the microbroth dilution method: 48

    4-10- Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bacterial killing concentration (MBC) of Reshingari savory plant essential oil in the microbroth dilution method: 48

    Chapter five: discussion and result Giri 5-1- Compositions of Khuzestani and Reshingari savory plant essential oil: 50

    5-2- Antimicrobial property of Khuzestani and Reshingari savory plant essential oil: 55

    Conclusion:

    Suggestions: 60 60 Resources: 88 88

    Akhundzadeh, Sh. 1379. Encyclopaedia of Iranian medicinal plants. Research Institute of Medicinal Plants, Jihad University of Tehran. Volume 1.

     

    Arvin, A. 1382. Phytochemistry, characterization and investigation of the antimicrobial and antifungal effects of native and cultivated Satoria khuzestanica, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, thesis number 4360, 1382.

    Ait Elahi, M., 1389. History of medicinal plants in Iran.

    Ebrahimpour, F., Eidizadeh, K., 2008. Medicinal plants. Payam Noor University. Ahmadi, S., Sefidkan, F., Babakhanlou, P. Asgari, F., Khademi, K., Valizadeh, N., Karimifar, M.A. 2018. Comparison of the compounds in Satureja bachtiarica Bunge essential oil in pre-flowering and full flowering stages in the field vegetation. The scientific-research quarterly of medicinal and aromatic plants of Iran. 25(2): 159-169.

     

    Eric von Wyck, B., Wink, M. 2017. The most important medicinal plants in the world. Translated by Safai Khorram, M., Jafarnia, S., Khosrowshahi, S. Green Educational Complex of Iran.

    Ashrafi, J., Hassanzadeh, N. 1389. Antibacterial effect of Marzah essential oil and two copper toxins in controlling the bacteria causing hair ring cancer. The scientific-research quarterly of medicinal and aromatic plants of Iran. 26(1): 1-13.

    Asghari, G., R. 2015. Biotechnology of medicinal plants and production of herbal medicines. First edition. Isfahan: Isfahan University Jihad Publications.

    Omid Beigi, R. 2018. Approaches to the production and processing of medicinal plants. Mashhad: Fekr Rooz Publications. The first volume. 283

    Omid Begi, r. 2014. Production and processing of medicinal plants. Mashhad: Astan Quds Razavi Publishing House. Volume 1.

    Omid Begi, R. 2012. Production and processing of medicinal plants. The seventh edition. Mashhad: Astan Quds Razavi Publishing House. Vol. 1.

    Omid Bigi, R. 2016. Production and processing of medicinal plants. First edition. Mashhad: Razavi Astangods Publications. The second volume.

    Omid Bigi, R. 2016. Production and processing of medicinal plants. Fourth edition. Mashhad: Razavi Astangods Publications. The second volume with complete revision.

    Babakhanlou, P., Mirza, M., Sefid Kan, F., Ahmadi, L., Barazande, M., Asgari, F. 1377. Medicinal and aromatic plants research. First edition. Tehran: Publications of Forestry and Pasture Research Institute.

    Behrvan, J., Mosfa, F., Karimi, G.R., and Iranshahi, M. 1386. An experimental investigation of leukocyte protection by the essential oil and ethanolic extract of the savory plant Satureja hortensis L. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 22:64-70.

    Poyan, M. 2014. Knowledge of medicinal plants. Textbook.

    Hamid Mousavian, M., T., Basiri, S. 2017. Investigating the effects of temperature and air flow speed of industrial polishing of thin leaf thyme on small amounts of extracted essential oil. Summary of the articles of the 18th National Conference of Food Sciences and Industries of Iran. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. 225.

     

    Haidari, A., Dakhili Ranjo, M., Zulfiqari, M., 2013. Investigating the antimicrobial effect of the essential oil of savory plant (Satureja hortensis L) on broiler intestine coli.E. Plant Science Research Quarterly. Serial number 21.6(1): 25-35.

    Jaafari, M., Jalili, A., Masoumi, A., Hosseinzadeh, A.R., Baba Khanlou, P. Tawakli, H., A., Mirzai Nadushan, H. 1375. Year Book of Medicinal Plants (Capabilities of the country in the field of medicinal plants). Ministry of Agricultural Jihad (Department of Education and Research, Research Institute of Forests and Ranges). 9. Jamzad, Z. 2018. Iranian thymes and spices. Tehran: Publications of the Research Institute of Forests and Pastures of the Country.

    Dadashpour, M., Rasouli, A., Rezaei, M., B., Sefidkan, F., Taghizadeh, M., Dervish Alipour-Astaneh, S. 2009. Ferrous ion coagulation, nitric oxide radicalization and cytotoxicity of Sahand Marzah essential oil. Bi-monthly scientific-research journal of medical scholar of Shahid University. 18(91): 29-36.

     

    Rasouli, A. 1374. Production of Aspergillus parasiticus fungus aflatoxin by essential oils. Journal of research and construction, special issue of natural resources. 3:146.

     

    Zargari, A. 1369. Medicinal plants. Tehran University Publications. Volume 4.

Phytochemical and biological properties of essential oils of two Iranian savory species
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