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  3. The effect of natural and synthetic superabsorbents on soil water availability and olive root distribution

The effect of natural and synthetic superabsorbents on soil water availability and olive root distribution

Number of pages: 84 File Format: word File Code: 32440
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Distribution of olive root - drought - drought stress - Irrigation round - Natural superabsorbents - olive - vermicompost
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  • Summary of The effect of natural and synthetic superabsorbents on soil water availability and olive root distribution

    Academic Thesis for obtaining a master's degree Field: Agricultural Engineering, Horticultural Sciences Major: Physiology and Breeding of Fruit Trees

    Abstract

    Drought stress is one of the most important factors limiting the growth of plants in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, such as Iran. The importance of using water resources and the occurrence of recent droughts require different methods in the optimal use of water. In order to investigate the effect of natural and synthetic superabsorbents on soil water utilization and olive plant root distribution, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a basic design of complete randomized blocks with two factors of planting bed in 13 levels and irrigation cycle with two levels, 26 treatments, three replications, 78 experimental plots. To carry out this research, the Manzanilla variety and also the required amounts of artificial superabsorbent (Stocozob) and natural (vermicompost, urban waste compost, olive pomace, rice waste, animal manure and zeolite) were prepared. After the end of the experiment, plant growth indicators including plant height, fresh and dry weight of shoot, fresh and dry weight of root, root length, chlorophyll, lateral branch, stem diameter, nitrogen concentration and leaf phosphorus were measured. The results showed that the use of superabsorbent planting medium and irrigation had a positive and significant effect at the 1% level on plant height, fresh and dry weight of shoot, fresh and dry weight of root, root length, chlorophyll, side branch, stem diameter, nitrogen and phosphorus. In the reciprocal reaction between planting and irrigation, the best results were also observed in plant height, root dry weight, leaf dry weight and nitrogen concentration. Also, the highest plant height and root dry weight were observed in the superabsorbent treatment of 10 grams per kilogram of soil and 5-day irrigation cycle.

    Key words: olive, superabsorbent, irrigation cycle, vermicompost

    Chapter One

    Introduction and generalities

    Introduction

                Given that in Iran, the dry and semi-arid climate has affected most areas, and especially recent droughts have added to this problem. Each of the plants in general and garden plants in particular have a minimum water requirement for growth and production. If this minimum requirement cannot be met for some reason, the plant will face drought stress. In case of drought stress in growth stages sensitive to lack of water, such as seed germination and flowering, irreparable damages are caused to the crop. The application and mixing of some additives such as plant residues, animal manure, compost and superabsorbent polymer materials can store different amounts of water to be used by the plant in times of water shortage. The research conducted on their effect on the soil and in water shortage conditions on some plants has been successful, and this is due to the reasonable price, ease of manufacture and consumption, and the wide range of their applications (Zohurian Mehr, 2003). These substances are also used in medicine and in drug formulations that require controlled release of active substances (Pippas, 1990). Among other cases of their use, it can be mentioned that they are used in baby diapers as moisture absorbers (Zohurian Mehr, 2003), catalysts for some reactions, in the composition of ion exchange resins, and in fire extinguishing. In agriculture, superabsorbents are used as an additive to the soil in order to store nutrients, in the production of medicinal plants, and also as a superstorage of water in the soil (Kabiri, 1381).

                 The possibility of using agricultural organic waste or synthetic superabsorbents, in addition to positive effects on the physical properties of soils, can be a fundamental step in preventing the environmental effects of agricultural waste. Every year, millions of tons of agricultural, livestock and urban wastes are produced in the country, which can contribute to the provision of soil organic matter, but unfortunately, most of them are either washed away or left in landfills, causing environmental pollution (Samavat, 2012).Considering the lack of water and the policy of the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad to increase the area under cultivation of gardens and optimal use of available water and runoff, it is necessary to use suitable planting methods, resistant cultivars and the use of moisture absorbent materials. Therefore, it seems that in order to properly use the available water, there is a need for proper planning and the use of different materials to increase efficiency. The problem of lack of water is always and always bothering agricultural, industrial and other activities. has been Considering the costs of water consumption, electricity, irrigation equipment and labor costs throughout the year, increasing the water retention capacity in the soil and maintaining the soil moisture reserve and subsequently reducing the number of irrigation cycles can lead to a reduction in production costs. Applying correct management and applying advanced techniques in order to maintain the soil moisture reserve and increase the water storage capacity in the soil are among the effective measures to increase the irrigation efficiency and thus improve the exploitation of the country's limited water resources. In order to achieve the aforementioned goals (maintaining the moisture reserve and increasing the water retention capacity in the soil), it is possible to carry out measures such as the use of green and organic manure, plant and synthetic mulch, creating vegetation or using modifying materials such as peat, perlite, peat, lica, polymers and enriched natural materials such as zooplants.

                The possibility of using organic agricultural waste or synthetic superabsorbents in addition to positive effects on the physical properties of soils can It is a fundamental step in preventing possible environmental effects of agricultural waste. Every year, millions of tons of agricultural, livestock and urban waste are produced in the country, which can contribute to the supply of soil organic matter, but unfortunately, most of it is either burned or left in landfills, causing environmental pollution (Samavat, 2012). Due to the production of sticky substances and negatively charged compounds, organic substances cause the soil particles to stick together and improve the soil structure. Therefore, organic materials increase soil porosity, ventilation and permeability of water in the soil (Ebrahimi et al., 2013).

                Organic materials reduce evaporation and transpiration, increase water retention, especially in light-textured soils, reduce cracks and cracks on the soil surface, especially in fine-textured soils, improve and modify soil granulation, and prevent compaction of soils (Esdi Rahmani, 2018). Also, according to the production and supply of moisture absorbent materials as soil conditioners, these materials can absorb moisture caused by low rainfall in dry areas, absorb more irrigation water and keep them in the soil, thus preventing moisture stress and the failure of irrigation programs in such areas. 1-1- Ecological conditions of olives. rtl;"> Olive is a relatively low-demand tree and specific to the Mediterranean region. This region has wet and mild winters, hot and rainless summers. Of course, olives can tolerate semi-cold weather to some extent, provided that the minimum temperature in winter does not fall below -7 degrees Celsius, because it is damaged by cold. Even after harvest, when the plant is resting, if the temperature in the region reaches -7°C, it will be dangerous not only for cold-resistant cultivars, but also for all dormant cultivars. Olive needs an average temperature of 21-25°C for at least seven months of the year and tolerates heat up to 50°C and requires 200-1400 hours of temperature between 7-15°C to produce an economic crop. In areas where the amount of rainfall is around 400 to 600 mm, it is also cultivated as a rainfed crop (Esmati, 1377).

    rtl;"> 

    Drought stress is one of the most important factors limiting plant growth in arid and semiarid regions of the world, such as Iran. The importance of water resources and development of recent droughts, water efficiency, requiring different approaches. 78 plots, done.

  • Contents & References of The effect of natural and synthetic superabsorbents on soil water availability and olive root distribution

    List:

    Abstract.. 1

    Chapter one: Introduction and generalities..2                                           Introduction... 3

    1-1- Ecological conditions of olives. 4.

    1-2- Olive botanical characteristics. 5

    1-3- Manzanilla variety.. 6

    1-4- Olive increase.. 6

    1-5-Inflorescence.. 7

    1-6-Flowers.. 8

    1-7-Flowering.. 8

    1-7-1- Flowering.. 8

    1-7-2- Initial flower... 10

    1-7-3- Differentiation of flower... 10

    1-8- Factors affecting flowering and initial flower. .10

    1-8-1- Light.. 11

    1-8-2- Temperature.. 11

    1-8-3- Humidity.. 11

    1-9- Fruiting.. 12

    1-10- Fruit formation.. 12

    1-11- Fruit drop.. .13

    1-11-1- pattern of falling.. 13

    1-11-2- pattern of fruit growth. .14

    1-12- fruit growth curve. .14

    1-13- Chemical changes during development. 15

    1-14- Effective factors in fruit formation. .15

    1-14-1- Temperature.. 16

    1-14-2- Water and precipitation.. 16

    1-14-3- Salinity.. .18

    1-14-4- Pollen and adaptation. 18

    1-14-5- Yield..19

    1-14-6-Mechanical actions..20

    1-14-7- Fruit thinning and pruning..20

    1-15- Organic matter..20

    1-15-1- Effects of organic matter on soil physical quality.21

    1-16- Zeolite..22

    1-17- Superabsorbents..26

    1-17-1- Natural base superabsorbents. 28

    1-17-1-1- Polysaccharide superabsorbents. Linked.. 30

    1-20- Networking..31

    1-21- Stokozorb superabsorbent. Research on the effect of using superabsorbents on plant growth. 36

    2-2- Natural absorbents of moisture. 40

    2-3- Synthetic moisture absorbers. 41. The third chapter: materials and methods. 45. 3-1- Geographical characteristics of the region. 46

    3-1-1- The time and place of the research. 46

    3-1-2- Climate features of the region. 46

    3-1-3- Physical and chemical properties of soil. 46

    3-2- Preparation of organic waste and superabsorbents. .47

    3-2-1- Municipal waste compost. 47

    3-2-2- Olive processing waste. 47

    3-2-3- Rice straw and stubble .. 47

    3-3- Experimental plan.. 48

    3-4- Application of treatments.. 48

    3-5- Planting method. 50

    3-7-1- Fresh weight of roots, leaves and stems. 50

    3-7-2- Dry weight of roots, leaves and stems. 50

    3-7-3- Number of lateral branches..50

    3-7-4- Stem length..50

    3-7-5- Root length..50

    3-7-6- Chlorophyll..50

    3-7-7 Stem diameter..50

    3-7-8- Leaf minerals including nitrogen and Phosphorus. 50

    3-7-9- Data analysis.. 51

    Chapter four: results and discussion. 52

    4-1- Variance analysis of data related to the effect of treatments on growth indicators. 53

    4-1-1- The effect of treatments on the height of the main stem. 53

    4-1-2- The effect of treatments on root length. 58

    4-1-3- The effect of treatments on chlorophyll.. 59

    4-1-4- The effect of treatments on the number of lateral branches. 61

    4-1-5- The effect of treatments on stem diameter. 63.

    4-1-6- The effect of treatments on stem fresh weight. 64

    4-1-7- The effect of treatments on the dry weight of the stem. 65

    4-1-8- The effect of treatments on root fresh weight. 66

    4-1-9- The effect of treatments on root dry weight. 67

    4-1-10- The effect of treatments on leaf fresh weight. 70

    4-1-11- The effect of treatments on leaf dry weight. .71

    4-1-12- The effect of treatments on leaf nitrogen. 74

    4-1-13- The effect of treatments on leaf phosphorus. 76

    Chapter Five: Discussion, conclusions and suggestions. 79

    5-1- Data variance analysis.. 80

    5-2- The effect of cultivation medium on plant growth indicators. 80

    5-3- The interaction effect of cultivation medium and irrigation cycle on plant growth indicators. Leaf phosphorus. 83

    5-5- Conclusion..84

    5-6- Suggestions..85

    Resources..96

     

    Source:

     

    1- Ibrahimi, S., Bahrami, H. and Malkuti, M. c.  2012. The role of organic materialsThe role of organic matter in improving the physical and chemical characteristics of calcareous soils in the country, Technical Publication No. 302, Agricultural Research and Education Organization, Soil and Water Research Institute.

    2- Asadi Rahmani, H. 1378. Organic matter, its importance and increase in soil. Technical Publication 42. Soil and Water Research Institute of the country. 

    3- Esfandiari, A. 2017. Clinoptilolite and its use for plant growth. Iran's first international zeolite conference. Amir Kabir University of Technology.           

    4- Aslani, Heket Afshar, 1369. Nutrition and fertilization of olive trees - Anzali Publications

    5- Elhadadi, A. 1381. Investigating the effect of using superabsorbent hydrogels in reducing drought stress in plants, collection of articles of the second specialized training course on agricultural and industrial application of superabsorbent hydrogels, Tehran, pages 55-33

    6- Elhadadi, A., Yazdani, F., Akbari, G. and Behbahani, M.R. 2014. Investigating the effect of super absorbent polymer (Superab A200) on growth, yield, yield components and nodulation of soybean (Glycine max L) under drought stress conditions. Collection of articles of the third training course and specialized seminar on agricultural application of superabsorbent hydrogels. November 2014. Karaj.

    7-Oster, c. D., Fulton, A., Richard, D. and Sinker, M. c. 1374. Translated by G. H. Haqqanya Difficulties of water infiltration in the soil. Publications of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. 

    8-Olyai, h,. R. and Khadim, S. 2015. Application of superabsorbent polymers in agriculture. Zeitun, 203: 45-39

    9-Banj Shafii, sh. 1379. Effect of superabsorbent polymer on increasing soil moisture, fertilizer efficiency, growth and establishment of Panicum plant. The final report of the research project of the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad, Forestry and Range Research Institute.

    10- Banj Shafiei, 1381. The effect of superabsorbent on increasing soil moisture, productivity, growth and establishment of Panicum plant.

    11- Bahraini Tohan, M.M. and Rezaei, S.A. 1387. The effect of zeolite on soil physical properties and fertility, the first international conference on zeolite in Iran. Amir Kabir University of Technology.

    12- Torabi and Sadeghi, 2014. Problems of zinc deficiency in Iranian gardens. Horticulture seminar of Urmia

    13- Jandaghian, M. 1375. Investigating the effect of polyacrylic copolymers on the rooting of Philodendron (Phylodendron scandens S) and the growth of geranium (Pelargonium hortorum L.). Horticulture master's thesis, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom branch, p. 95

    14- Hojjati, M. M. Zarei, N. Simkeshzadeh b. The founder of Nesab 1386. The effect of using different amounts of natural zeolite on fenugreek plant growth. Summary of articles of the 5th Congress of Horticultural Sciences of Iran. Shiraz University.                             

    15- Hosseini Abri, A.M. Kaveh, A. and Saleh Parhizgar, M.R. 2016. Investigating the structure of natural zeolites and the benefits of using them as agricultural soil conditioners. Journal of Basic Sciences of Islamic Azad University(64):11-18 and Auliai, H. 1386. The effect of different proportions of superabsorbent polymer and animal manure on the quantitative and qualitative properties of soybeans, Behzroi Agricultural Journal 1: 42-33

    17- Rostgar, H. 1375. The effect of foliar spraying of zinc and nitrogen on the yield and quality of Jahormi oranges, Master's Thesis - University of Tehran. 18- Rashtbari, M. Alijani, H. 2018. The effect of urban waste compost and vermicompost on the morpho-physiological characteristics and performance of rapeseed under drought stress conditions. Knowledge of Agriculture and Sustainable Production Journal 22(2): 115-123

    19- Rezaei Kolaj, Y. Emadpour, M. Omrani, A. Mohammadi, A. Qara Yazi, b. 2017. The effect of ethylene hormone removal using zeolites coated with potassium permanganate on increasing the storage life and quality characteristics of salad lettuce and Chinese cabbage. Iran's first international zeolite conference. Amir Kabir University of Technology. 20- Roshan, b. 2012. The effect of using Stacozorb superabsorbent on increasing the quantity and quality of agricultural products. Collection of articles of the second specialized course - educational application of agricultural and industrial superabsorbent hydrogels. February 1381. Karaj

    21- Zarin Kensh, Manouchehr. 2018. Soil fertility and production - University of Tehran Publications

    22- Zamordi, Sh. 1384. The effect of packaging type and potassium permanganate on the quality and shelf life of three apple cultivars in cold storage, Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 6(24):143-156. and Yari, A. 2018. The effects of Stacozorb hydrogel on some soil hydraulic properties and the growth and establishment of Atriplex seedlings. First National Conference on Farm Water Management. Karaj Seedling and Seed Breeding Research Institute. June 9 and 10, 1391

    24- Salar, N., M.

The effect of natural and synthetic superabsorbents on soil water availability and olive root distribution
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