Comparison of ridge and conventional planting methods in plateau wheat yield and water yield in Mashhad region

Dissertation for obtaining the master's degree "M.Sc."  

Trend of agricultural mechanization

Abstract

Increasing the efficiency of wheat production per unit area, by applying tillage and planting techniques, has received special attention of farmers. Atmospheric and stack planting is one of the new methods in wheat production, which increases agricultural yield and water yield. In order to investigate the effect of different cultivation conditions and methods on wheat yield and irrigation efficiency in the Mashhad region, an experiment was carried out in the research farm of the Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Organization of Mashhad in the agricultural year of 1384-85. The treatments included four methods of cultivation at two levels of drying and harvesting. Cultivation methods included three lines of atmospheric and stack cultivation with a distance of 60 cm, four lines of atmospheric and stack cultivation with a distance of 75 cm, flat cultivation and cultivation through centrifuge (control). The amount of seed was 250 kg per hectare and the distance between the crop lines was set at 15 cm. Cultivation conditions (hiram work and dry work) as the main factor (main plot) and cultivation methods as a secondary factor (subplot) were implemented in a split plot design in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that dry tillage had a significant effect on yield and yield components as well as water yield (0.05). The dry conditions increased the yield by 9.3% compared to dry conditions, but there was no significant difference in the harvest index. Performance components were also ranked higher in Hiramkari method and the difference between them was significant. Heermkari also had a significant effect on weed control compared to dry-healing, and heermkari weeds were 23% less than dry-healed weeds. The difference in water yield was significant in dry tillage conditions, so that dry tillage had about 10% higher water efficiency than dry tillage. Among the cultivation methods, Joey and 60 cm stacks were ranked higher in terms of yield and components of water yield and efficiency. The increase in yield in the three-row cultivation method in the atmosphere and 60 cm stacks compared to the four-row cultivation in the atmosphere and 75 cm stacks, flat cultivation and centrifuge cultivation was 3%, 7% and 21%, respectively. The harvest index in this method was 8%, 16% and 23.8% different (0.05) from the methods of four-line cultivation on 75 cm stacks, flat cultivation and centrifuge cultivation. Although this treatment did not have a significant difference in water yield with the treatment of four rows on 75 cm stacks, it showed a significant difference with other treatments and was ranked first. The difference in water yield of this treatment with four-line cultivation on 75 cm stacks, flat cultivation and centrifuge cultivation was 2%, 10% and 28%, respectively. According to the results obtained, the method of pile cultivation and three cropping lines with barley and 60 cm stacks, the most appropriate treatment for increasing crop yield, weed control and water yield is known and introduced.

Key words: dry tillage, pile cultivation, stack cultivation, water yield

Introduction

Wheat is one of the strategic products that is very important in terms of nutritional value and is considered one of the most consumed crops in the world (15). Wheat is cultivated in large areas of the world in the range of 67 degrees north latitude in Norway, Finland and Russia to 45 degrees south latitude in Argentina, and this adaptability has led to the expansion of the cultivated area and its spread in the world (20). On the surface of the earth, out of all plant species, 80,000 of them have edible properties, and currently only 200 of them are used for food preparation, and today 15 of them supply more than 90% of the world's food, and only 3 of them (rice, corn, wheat) account for this amount (4). Because wheat has spreading roots and is scattered on the surface of the soil, it maintains the soil well and prevents soil erosion. Wheat contains water, protein, sugars, cellulose, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphoric acid and vitamins (7). The importance of the global expansion of wheat has made the spike of wheat known as a symbol of food in the world. For example, the symbol of the World Food Organization [1] is a spike of wheat with the slogan "Let there be bread".The United Nations Development Program[2] shows the world surrounded by two spikes of wheat (Figure 1) (

(images are available in the main file)

Chapter 1: The situation of wheat in the world and Iran

1-1- The situation of wheat in the world

On average, 15% to 16% of the world's cultivated land is devoted to wheat. It is predicted that the demand for wheat in the world in 2020 will be 40% more than the current level (522 million tons), and this is while the available resources for wheat production are limited (97). production capacities, but because of the decrease in demand growth, and because the decrease in demand growth is mainly due to exceptional and transitory factors, it will not take long for the amount of demand to find the previous trend and the developing countries will become more dependent on wheat imports (9). The area under wheat cultivation in the world during 1988-2000 varied between 217 and 231 million hectares, and on average 15% to 16% of the world's arable land is dedicated to the cultivation of this product. The amount of production has fluctuated between 500 and 610 million tons (14). The annual growth rate of grain demand increased from 2.5% in the 1970s and 1.9% in the 1980s to 1% in the 1990s. In 1997-1999, wheat consumption was about 31% of the total grain consumption in the world.

In industrialized countries, the trend of wheat consumption for animal feed is growing, and currently it reaches 45% of the total consumption of this product in the European Union. In developing countries, wheat is mainly for human consumption, and these countries meet more and more of their needs through imports. Some of the wheat importing countries are also the main producers of this product (such as Egypt, Brazil and Mexico). The dependence of developing countries (except Argentina and Uruguay) on imports will increase, and the net import of this product will reach 160 million tons per year from 72 million tons per year in 1997-99 in 2060 (9). The countries of the United States of America, China, India, France, Canada, Turkey, Italy, Germany and Australia are the most important producers of wheat, respectively. In the countries of Canada, the United States of America, Australia and France, the production of wheat is more than their domestic consumption, and for this reason, most of the wheat they produce is exported. Despite the effective progress made in the past years in the yield of food crops, including wheat, one cannot be optimistic about food storage, especially in developing countries (49).

Areas where wheat is cultivated under moderate conditions with low rainfall include North Africa, West Asia, parts of Pakistan and Afghanistan, northern India, northern parts of China, and some areas in Latin America (the highlands of central Mexico). The areas where wheat is cultivated under high temperature conditions (with or without irrigation) include Sudan, Nigeria, East African countries such as Uganda and Tanzania, parts of Bangladesh and India, large areas of Brazil, Paraguay and southeastern Bolivia (76). The global yield of wheat during the period from 1988 to 2000 has been increasing and has increased from 2297 kg/ha to 2710 kg/ha (14). The average yield of wheat in irrigated systems is almost twice that of dry systems (76). The World Food Organization has reviewed the world production of wheat in 2005. The results of this study are given in the appendix (9).

2-1- The status of wheat in Iran

Wheat, as the country's most important agricultural product, occupies an average of 2.6 million hectares of agricultural land in the country. Of this amount, the share of wet wheat is 2.2 million hectares (35%) and dry wheat is 4 million hectares (65%) (3 and 13). The amount of water wheat cultivated area during 1361-80 varied between 2.18 and 2.35 million hectares (Table 1). On average, about 2.2 million hectares per year (about 40% of the cultivated area of ??all crops per year) are cultivated with water wheat. The average area under dryland wheat cultivation has been almost constant and is about 1.4 million hectares (14).