The effect of planting date and use of mulch on the growth and yield of bean plants in Gilan

Number of pages: 67 File Format: word File Code: 32436
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
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    Academic Thesis for Master's degree (M.sc.)

    Field: Agricultural Engineering     Tension: Agriculture

    The effect of planting date and use of mulch on the growth and yield of bean plants in Gilan

    Abstract

    In order to determine the appropriate planting date and investigate the effect of mulch application on the growth and yield of beans, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in the crop year of 2012 in a research farm located in Kaftroud village of Rasht city. The test factors included the date of planting in three levels (13, 20 and 27 September 2012) and two levels of using plastic mulch and not using mulch. The results of analysis of variance showed the significance of the main effect of planting date and the main effect of mulch for all studied traits. The interaction effect of planting date × mulch was significant for traits number of pods per plant and grain length at the 1% probability level and for pod weight at the 5% probability level. The treatment of the first planting date and the conditions of using the mulch cover in terms of the number of pods per plant, seed length and pod weight had the highest average values ??of the attributes, which is introduced as the best treatment of the experiment.

    Key words: planting date, yield, beans, mulch. rtl;">Introduction

    The increase in world population and the destruction of natural resources, followed by the urgent need to increase food production, are among the basic problems of today's world. In fact, the increase in the world's population, followed by the human need for food, has caused additional pressure on natural resources, and in this regard, the stability of agricultural systems has been threatened. For this reason, it is necessary to pay attention to the appropriate date for planting plants and design and implement covering systems such as different types of mulch, which can increase performance while preserving natural resources. Legume seeds, including beans, are considered one of the most important plant sources rich in protein after cereals and the second most important food source for humans (Bagheri and Parsa, 2016). Therefore, it is very important to pay attention to planting beans and try to improve the performance and performance components of this plant.

    One of the important factors that determine the performance of beans is to observe the proper planting date. In general, climatic factors such as temperature, rainfall, day length, wind, etc., and non-climatic factors such as pests, diseases, weeds, birds, production economy, etc., are effective in choosing the appropriate planting date (Mozaheri and Majnoon Hosseini, 2014). Achieving high seed yield in beans is one of the main goals of this plant cultivation, which can be achieved by changing genetic, environmental and managerial factors and their interaction. Among the management factors, planting date is an important factor that affects the quantitative and qualitative performance of beans by influencing the length of the vegetative and reproductive growth period and their ratio (Depah et al.[1], 2000; Mozamber et al.[2], 2003). Planting beans on time causes the flowering time to coincide with the right temperature and as a result, more pods and seeds are formed. The appropriate planting date also optimizes the length of the growth period and the expansion of vegetative organs and increases the potential of transferring photosynthetic materials to storage parts such as seeds. However, the delay in planting, in addition to shortening the duration of the vegetative growth period, causes premature flowering of the plant, which in turn will lead to a decrease in dry matter accumulation, a decrease in the number of pods and branches in the plant, and finally, a decrease in yield (Ekpara[3], 1999; L?pez?Bellido et al.[4], 2008).

    On the other hand, the prevalence of intensive agricultural systems with increased energy consumption To control weeds, it has been mainly through the use of herbicides. Indiscriminate use of these chemical poisons has not only created problems in the management of weeds, but also created problems for human health and the environment. In addition, increased input costs, reduced availability of new herbicides, and weed resistance to herbicides reduce the sustainability of conventional crop production systems (Connelly et al., 2001). For this reason, the use of non-chemical and environmentally friendly methods to control weeds is expanding.. Among these methods, we can mention plant residue mulch and plastic mulch. Also, one of the appropriate solutions to preserve the resources in the soil is to prevent water losses, of which evaporation from the soil surface is a part. In order to reduce evaporation and maintain moisture in the soil for a long time, using mulch on the soil surface or plowing after irrigation can be effective. Mulch can be called a non-living cover that is used as a protection for plants in winter and protects plants from extreme changes in soil temperature and ground water loss, and also prevents the growth of weeds.

    From where the combined examination of the effect of planting date and the effect of using mulch can have important results in terms of how much it affects yield and yield components in bean plants, as a result This research was carried out with the aim of determining the most appropriate planting date to achieve the desired yield in Gilan province and also to investigate the use of plastic mulch on the yield and yield components of local beans in Gilan.

    2014, at research station of Kafteroud village, Rasht at Guilan province. Experiment factors were three planting dates (4, 8 and 12 September 2014) and two levels of the use of plastic mulch and not using mulch. The results of the analysis of variance showed significant main effect of planting dates and mulch for all the studied traits. Interaction effect of planting dates × mulch was significant for number of sheath per plant and grain length at 1% level and for sheath weight at 5% level. Treatment first planting date and use of mulch cover was the superior treatment of experiment because of having highest mean values ??of traits number of sheath per plant, grain length and sheath weight.

  • Contents & References of The effect of planting date and use of mulch on the growth and yield of bean plants in Gilan

    List:

     

    Abstract.

    1

    Chapter One

    Introduction.

    2

    Chapter Two

    Review of sources.

    5

    2-1

    The origin and background of beans.

    6

    2-2

    Area under cultivation and production of beans in Iran and the world.

    7

    2-3

    Economic importance of beans.

    8

    2-4

    Botanical features of beans.

    10

    2-5

    Climatic needs of beans.

    12

    2-6

    Planting date.

    13

    2-6-1

    Effect of planting date on bean growth.

    14

    2-6-2

    Effect of planting date on bean pod yield.

    16

    2-6-3

    Effect of planting date On bean seed yield. 17. 2-6-4. The effect of planting date on bean yield components. 20. 2-6-5. The effect of planting date on the yield of bean aerial parts. 21. 2-7. Mulch. 23.

    2-7-1

    Plastic mulch.

    23

    2-7-2

    Effect of plastic mulch on plant growth.

    25

    2-7-3

    Benefits of plastic mulch.

    27

    2-7-4

    Effect of mulch on seed yield Beans. 27 2-7-5 The effect of mulch on weed control

    3-1

    Time and geographical and climatic location of the project implementation site.

    33

    3-2

    Climatic characteristics of the region.

    33

    3-3

    Soil specifications.

    33

    3-4

    Specifications of the pilot project.

    34

     

    3-5

    Steps of implementing the experimental design.

    34

    3-6

    Characteristics investigated.

    35

    3-6-1

    Plant height.

    35

    3-6-2

    Number of pods in a plant.

    35

    3-6-3

    Pod length.

    35

    3-6-4

    Number of seeds in a pod.

    36

    3-6-5

    Seed length.

    36

    3-6-6

    Grain width.

    36

    3-6-7

    Bio performance.

    36

    3-6-8

    Green pod performance.

    36

    3-6-9

    Hundred seed weight.

    37

    3-6-10

    Seed performance.

    37

    3-7

    Statistical calculations.

    37

    Chapter four

    Results.

    38

    4-1

    Plant height.

    39

    4-2

    Number of pods per plant.

    41

    4-3

    Pod length.

    44

    4-4

    Number of seeds per pod.

    46

    4-5

    Seed length.

    48

    4-6

    Grain width.

    51

    4-7

    Bio performance.

    52

    4-8

    Green pod performance.

    55

    4-9

    Hundred grain weight.

    58

    4-10

    Seed performance.

    60

    Chapter V

    Conclusion.

    66

    5-1

    General conclusion.

    67

    5-2

    Suggestions.

    68

    Resources used.

    69

    English abstract..

    78

     

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The effect of planting date and use of mulch on the growth and yield of bean plants in Gilan