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  3. Investigating the effect of mycorrhiza and potassium fertilizer on the yield and nutrition of coriander plants under salinity stress conditions

Investigating the effect of mycorrhiza and potassium fertilizer on the yield and nutrition of coriander plants under salinity stress conditions

Number of pages: 106 File Format: word File Code: 32425
Year: Not Specified University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Arbuscular mycorrhizae - cilantro - Environmental stresses - mushroom - Mycorrhiza effect - Potassium fertilizer - Salinity stress - Solo potash
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  • Summary of Investigating the effect of mycorrhiza and potassium fertilizer on the yield and nutrition of coriander plants under salinity stress conditions

    abstract

    Salinity stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses in the world, and its negative effects on the growth of agricultural plants have increased research in the field of salinity tolerance with the aim of improving plant tolerance. In addition to increasing growth, potash fertilizers help to improve product quality and increase plant resistance against adverse environmental factors (salinity, drought, cold, etc.). Since mycorrhizal fungi coexist with most of the main families of agricultural plants and significantly affect plant growth, mycorrhizal symbiosis has a special place in agriculture, such as the production of biological fertilizers due to the ability to absorb nutrients, especially phosphorus, and the biological fight against pests and plant diseases. For this purpose and in order to evaluate the effect of mycorrhizal fungus and Suloptas fertilizer on the characteristics of coriander plants under salinity stress conditions, Solpotash fertilizer at three levels (without fertilizer consumption, with potassium fertilizer consumption at the rate of 200 kg/ha and potassium fertilizer consumption at the rate of 300 kg/ha) and salinity at three levels (1, 3, and 5 decisiemens/m) and the mycorrhizal fungus factor Glomus mosseae at two levels (without mycorrhizae and with Mycorrhizal) after two months of irrigation with the above was done factorially and in the form of a completely random design with three replications in greenhouse conditions and in plastic pots. The data obtained from the above measurements were analyzed by SAS statistical software and the averages were compared by Duncan's multi-range test at the 1% probability level. The graphs were drawn in Excel. In this research, some morphological and physiological characteristics were determined using statistical data analysis. The results showed that salinity has a significant reducing effect on the physiological and morphological indicators of coriander plant. So that the growth and yield of the plant decreased with the increase of sodium chloride concentration and increased significantly with the addition of solupotassium fertilizer and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus.

    Key words: mushroom, solupotash, coriander, salt stress, arbuscular mycorrhiza. style="direction: rtl;">Chapter One

    Introduction and Generalities

     

    1- Introduction

    Many environmental stresses affect the growth and development of crops in plants. These factors include drought, cold, heat, toxic elements and salinity (Sairam [1] and colleagues, 2005). Salinity is one of the important factors that reduce the growth of plants in many regions of the world. Salinity stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses and its negative effects on the growth of agricultural plants have led to an increase in research in the field of salinity tolerance with the aim of improving plant tolerance (Zhou [2], 2003). A large part of Iran's land is mountainous. In general, 65% of the country's area is covered by dry climate and 20% is covered by semi-arid climate. In these areas, due to high evaporation (about 2000 mm per year) and low rainfall (about 250 mm per year) and the presence of underground water with inappropriate quality, the soils evolve towards salinization. The total land area of ??Iran is 164.8 million hectares under irrigated cultivation and 8.5 million hectares under rainfed cultivation. About 50% of the irrigated lands are to varying degrees of salinity. The extent of saline soils in Iran is equivalent to 15% of the country's agricultural lands (Sezabolik [3], 1992; Jafari, 1373).

    In the conditions of environmental stress such as dehydration and salinity, the reduction of dry matter can be due to the reduction of plant leaf area, reduction of cell pressure and reduction of photosynthesis. Salinity causes osmotic stress in plant roots. Plants need to keep the internal water potential lower than the environment around the roots so that the pressure and absorption of water can continue for growth. Therefore, when osmotic damage occurs to the root, there is an increase in the osmotic pressure of the solution around the root, and as a result, the external water potential decreases. In this case, the effect of water stress causes the concentration of salt around the root to be higher than the concentration of salt inside the root, and this leads to wilting and ultimately a decrease in vigor and growth.The amount of reduction in plant growth in saline conditions depends on the type of salt, salt concentration, physiological stage of the plant, the duration of exposure to salinity, and also the plant species. Salinity causes a decrease in the yield of agricultural plants, which harms the country's agriculture and economy on a large scale. The plant suffers from two problems in the saline environment, firstly, the osmotic potential of the soil solution becomes more negative, which makes it difficult to absorb water, and secondly, the absorption of the accumulation of toxic ions, which has adverse effects on many vital processes of the plant. At the beginning of salinity stress, the drought stress that occurs due to the reduction of water potential in the environment is the main factor in growth reduction, but gradually the concentration of salts in plant tissue reaches the level of toxicity, the damage caused by toxicity causes a decrease in plant growth and death (Manz [4], 1993). have Processes such as germination, seed growth, vegetative growth, flowering and fruiting are strongly affected by salinity.  Salinity leads to reduced growth and damage to the plant in the following ways:

    Osmotic stress (reduction of water available to the plant)

    Ethotoxic effect of ions (especially the effect of sodium, chlorosulfate)

    Disruption of the balance and absorption of essential nutrients

    According to the definition (Shannon and Grieve [8], 1999), salinity is the presence of excessive amounts of soluble salts and mineral elements, whose dissolution is difficult. Electrical conductivity of saturated soil extract is an important index in soil salinity evaluation. Saline soil is a soil whose electrical conductivity of its saturated extract at 25?c temperature is more than 2 decisiemens per meter and its exchangeable sodium percentage is less than 15. In salinity stress, the type of stress, the degree of resistance of the plant, different growth stages, the type of tissue and plant organs are different. Soil salinity is one of the factors that limits the distribution and production ability of many important agricultural plants (Ashraf and Foulad, 2005). The accumulation of salt in the soil or underground water is through natural processes in long periods, which is carried out by the following processes.

    - Weathering process: This process causes rocks to break and release all kinds of soluble salts, mainly chlorine and sodium, and other salts such as calcium and magnesium, and to a lesser extent sulfates and carbonates.

    - Salt deposition Oceans: by factors such as wind, these salts, which are mainly sodium chloride, are moved (Qassimi et al., 1995).

    Secondary salinity

    One ??of the main reasons for secondary salinity is clearing the land and replacing annual plants instead of permanent vegetation. In dry and semi-arid climates, the water used by the native vegetation of the region is in exchange with the annual rainfall. The deep roots of native plants indicate the low level of the water tables. Cleaning and irrigation disrupts this balance, so that rainfall on the one hand and irrigation on the other hand provide more water than the plant needs, and this increase in water raises the water tables and moves the salts that were previously stored in the deep parts of the soil and brings them up to the root zone. When plants use water, salt remains in the soil, so in the next use, the water in the soil becomes more salty.

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Investigating the effect of mycorrhiza and potassium fertilizer on the yield and nutrition of coriander plants under salinity stress conditions
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