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  3. Investigating the effect of handling and the number of harvest lines on the quantitative and qualitative yield of PVH19 tobacco production

Investigating the effect of handling and the number of harvest lines on the quantitative and qualitative yield of PVH19 tobacco production

Number of pages: 76 File Format: word File Code: 32423
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: nicotine - Quality characteristics of tobacco - Quantitative performance - The amount of processing - tobacco - You took China
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  • Summary of Investigating the effect of handling and the number of harvest lines on the quantitative and qualitative yield of PVH19 tobacco production

    Academic thesis for obtaining a master's degree

    Agriculture field of agriculture

    Investigation of the effect of the amount of handling and the number of harvest lines on the quantitative and qualitative performance of tobacco production pvh19

    Abstract

    In order to investigate the effect of handling and the number of harvest lines on the quantitative and qualitative yield of pvh19 tobacco production, an experiment was conducted in a factorial format based on a randomized complete block in 3 replications at the experimental farm of the Rasht Tobacco Research Center located at kilometer 3 of Foman Road in Ahmadgorab village. In this two-factor experiment, the first factor is the amount of leaf ripening in each fold (overripe, normal ripening, slightly unripe) as factor A in three levels (a1 a2 a3) and the second factor is the harvest of approximately 30 remaining leaves after removing the soil leaves and flowering and foliar spraying as factor B in three levels (b1 b2 b3) respectively b1 (foot leaf, back leaf, first lower leaf, second lower leaf, lower leaf leaf, leaf leaf) b2 (leaf and back of leaf and other folds such as b1) b3 (leaf and back of leaf, first and second back leaf, under leaf leaf, leaf leaf) Harvesting on the fresh and dry weight of tobacco plants was effective. Also, the quality characteristics of tobacco, including fresh weight, dry weight, gross income, and average price. rtl;"> 

    Chapter One

    Introduction and Generalities

     

     

    Introduction:

    Despite Ali being hated In the eyes of the world, tobacco is still considered one of the most valuable agricultural and industrial products and plays an important role in the economy of the countries that produce it, and the income from the various products of this plant constitutes a significant amount of the national income of the producing countries, and millions of people around the world are directly engaged in agriculture, the production industry, and the sale of various products of this plant. The cultivated area of ??this plant in the world is nearly four million hectares and the total production of tobacco is more than six and a half million tons. The amount of production in Asian countries is more than 4 million tons, and millions of people in the world are directly engaged in agriculture, the production industry, and the sale of various products of this plant (Jabbarzadeh, quoted by FAO, 2006). Currently, most tobacco consumption is in the form of cigarettes.

    The increasing consumption of cigarettes and various tobacco products justifies the need to increase the area under cultivation to meet the needs of several hundred million people who consume tobacco products (Jabbarzadeh, quoted in 1370 A). All kinds of commercial tobacco cultivars are grown in Iran for the production of tobacco products, and cigarette tobacco cultivation areas include Mazandaran province 35%, Golestan 25%, Gilan 20%, West Azarbaijan 15% and Kurdistan 5%. Every year, more than 50 billion cigarettes are smoked in Iran, of which only 27 billion cigarettes are produced in Iran, which are not of very bad quality (Jabbarzadeh, quoted by Bi Nam, 2010). Considering the favorable potential of weather and soil conditions, especially in the northern provinces of the country, tobacco can have a special place in Iran. Unfortunately, in recent years, the area under its cultivation in Iran has decreased drastically due to the low yield of the cultivars used compared to the high cost of its production and the lack of meeting the water needs of the plant.Unfortunately, in recent years, the area under its cultivation in Iran has decreased drastically due to the low yield of the cultivars used compared to the high cost of its production and the lack of meeting the water needs of the plant.

    rtl;">1-1: The history of tobacco cultivation in the world and Iran

    1-1-1: The history of tobacco cultivation in the world

    Christopher Columbus in October 1492 AD on his first trip when he arrived in Cuba, he observed that the natives wrapped plant leaves together and after burning them, they put the smoke in their mouths and exhale through their noses. they did In addition to this, the natives also crushed the leaves of this plant and put them in a bag while traveling, and when necessary, they pounded some of it in a stick of corn or straw, or put it in the head of a bone, and after setting it on fire, they inhaled its smoke. This observation was new for Christopher Columbus and his companions. Even in the wars that took place between the natives and the immigrants, the red-skinned natives dipped their arrows in a kind of vegetable poison and threw them at the enemy. This plant was tobacco, whose juice later became known as nicotine (Jabbarzadeh, quoted by Akhorst, 1981). The priest who accompanied Christopher Columbus on this trip, named Romano Pano, was the first person to write a description of tobacco in 1497, and most likely the first European country where tobacco was brought was Portugal. In 1560 AD, the seed of the tobacco plant was sent to France by Jean Nicot, the French ambassador to Portugal, and the Queen of France, Catherine Dumoissy, named the plant Nicotiana in honor of the sender, and the alkaloid in this plant was called nicotine. After 5 years, tobacco seeds were transferred from France to Germany, and in 1568 by Sir Francis Derek, they were brought to England and then to Holland, Belgium, Italy, Spain, Turkey, Greece, Egypt, Syria, China and Iran (Jabbarzadeh quoted from Akhorst, 1981). Iran

    With the Portuguese attack on the south of Iran in 1514 AD and during their hundred-year occupation of Hormuz Island, the Iranians gradually became familiar with the tobacco plant, but the way of using tobacco in Iran changed and the Iranians created accessories for smoking according to their taste. The device used by Europeans for smoking was small pipes made of metal or clay. It was mixed with Iranian taste and art, and the simple pipe became a stick, and the special Iranian taste was used in its decoration. In addition to that, another device for smoking tobacco called hookah was invented by Iranians. In his writings, Oleshgar mentioned the cultivation of tobacco in Iran in 1647 AD. At that time, Iranians used hookahs to smoke tobacco. What is certain is that tobacco became popular during the reign of Shah Abbas (1594-1628) but it is not known exactly when its cultivation started (Jabarzadeh quoted from Akhorst, 1981). Turkey imported it to Iran and cultivated it. From that time until 1294, the sale and purchase of tobacco was in the hands of merchants, and in this year, for the first time, the government monopoly of tobacco was approved by the National Council of that time, and the government at that time directly started the sale and purchase of tobacco in 1313 and 1314 (Jabarzadeh, quoted by Akhorst, 1981).

    1 1-3: Cultivated area and amount of tobacco production in the world and Iran

       The area under tobacco cultivation in the world is about 3.9 million hectares, and from this cultivated area, about 7.6 million tons of dry tobacco leaves were produced. But the largest producers of tobacco are the United States and China, whose total production reaches 40% of global production, and other tobacco producing countries in the world include India, Brazil, Argentina, Zimbabwe, Bulgaria, Russia, Turkey, Japan, South Korea, Canada and Italy (Jabbarzadeh, quoted by FAO, 2006). The area under tobacco cultivation in Iran is 10,000 hectares. And the income from the cultivation of other crops has been higher and has decreased (Jabbarzadeh quoted by Ranjber, 2014).

  • Contents & References of Investigating the effect of handling and the number of harvest lines on the quantitative and qualitative yield of PVH19 tobacco production

    List:

     

    Abstract. 1

    The first chapter. 2

    Introduction and generalities. 2

    Introduction: 3

    1-General. 4

    1-1: History of tobacco cultivation in the world and Iran. 4

    1-1-1: History of cultivation in the world. 4

    1 1-2: The background of agriculture in Iran. 4

    1 1-3: Cultivated area and amount of tobacco production in the world and Iran. 5

    1 1-4: The economic importance of tobacco. 5

    1-2: Botanical characteristics of tobacco. 9

    1-2-1: Characteristics of the subgenus Nicotiana Petunioides. 10

    1-2-2: Characteristics of the subgenus Rustica (Nicotiana Rustica) 10

    1-2-3: Characteristics of the subgenus Nicotiana Tabacum) 11

    1-3: Non-botanical (industrial) classification 12

    1-4: Morphological characteristics of tobacco. 1-4-2: General temperature and climate. 16-1-6: General characteristics of tobacco. 17-6-2: Chemical characteristics. 17-6-3: Physical characteristics of the leaf. 17-1-7: Tobacco odor. 17-1: Taste. 1-7-2: Flavor. 21

    Chemical properties of tobacco. 21

    1-8-2: Inorganic compounds. 23

    Carbohydrates 24

    24

    1-8-6: Hemicellulose

    1-8-7: nitrogenous compounds

    1-8-8: total nitrogen

    1-8-9: proteins 25

    1-8-10: nitrogen. 25

    1-8-11: alkaloids 25

    1-8-12: total volatile bases (tvb) total volatile basis. 26

    1-9: Nicotine distribution on the leaf surface. 26

    1-9-1: Extractable petroleum ethers. 26

    1-10: Various factors that affect the quality of tobacco leaves. 27

    1-11: types of tobacco and location of leaves on the stem. 27

    1-12: The effect of effective environmental and agronomic factors on the quality of tobacco leaves. 29

    1-12-1: The effect of weather 29

    1-12-2: The effect of food on the quality of tobacco leaves. 30

    1-12-3: Phosphorus. 31

    1-12-4: potassium. 31

    1-12-5: Scoring and control of lateral buds on the quality of leaf tobacco. 31

    1-12-6: Chlorine. 31

    1-13: The role of agricultural factors on the quality of tobacco leaves. 32

    1-14: Soil preparation for planting tobacco. 32

    1-15: Control of lateral buds. 33

    1-16: Harvesting, processing, classification and purchase of Virginia tobacco 36

    1161: Principles of Virginia tobacco harvesting: 36

    1 16 2: Symptoms of Virginia leaves ripening: 37

    1163: Harvesting time and needling or tapering operation: (Racking) 37

    1 17: Virginia tobacco processing: 39

    1171: Processing facilities: 39

    117 2: Traditional greenhouse: 39

    1173: Semi-modern greenhouse: 39

    117 4: Modern greenhouse: 39

    Chapter II. 41

    Checking sources. 41

    2-1-Function and components of tobacco plant function. 42

    2-2- Quality characteristics of leaves 42

    2-6-1- China. 43

    2-6-2- Handling leaves and harvesting. 44

    The third chapter. 48

    Materials and methods 48

    3-1. Specifications of the test location. 49

    3-2- Meteorological information of the test area. 49

    3-3-Soil characteristics of the test site. 51

    3-4- Experimental design. 52

    3-5-How to run the test. 52

    3-6 Sampling method. 53

    3-7- Examined characteristics. 53

    3-7-1- Total number of leaves. 53

    3-7-2- The number of leaves used in the commercial industry. 53

    3-7-3- stem diameter. 53

    3-7-4- plant height. 53

    3-7-5-flowering date. 53

    3-7-6- The length and width of the leaf foot. 54

    3-7-7-length and width of leaf waist. 54

    3-7-8- length and width of leaf blade. 54

    3-7-9- dry leaf performance. 54

    3-7-10- Economic performance (green and dry leaf performance) 54

    3-7-11- SPAD number of leaves 54

    3-8- Methods of measuring reducing sugar, nicotine, chlorine. 55

    3-8-1- reducing sugar: 55

    3-8-2- nicotine. 55

    3-8-3- chlorine. 57

    3-9-Statistical calculations. 57

    Chapter Four.58

    Results and discussion. 58

    4-1 Results and Discussion The effect of tobacco leaf maturity and the number of harvest folds on the morphological characteristics of tobacco plants is as follows. 59

    4-1-1 The number of leaves that can be harvested. 59

    4-1-2 length of tobacco leaf. 59

    4-1-3 width of tobacco leaf. 60

    4-1-4- The diameter of the tobacco stem. 60

    4-1-5- the height of the tobacco stem. 61

    4-1-6- Tobacco leaf surface. 61

    4-2- The effect of tobacco leaf maturity and harvest fold on the fresh weight of tobacco leaves. 64

    4-3 The effect of tobacco leaf ripening and harvest on the dry weight of tobacco leaves (performance) 65

    4-4 The effect of tobacco leaf ripening and harvest on the average price of a kilogram of dry tobacco 66

    4-5 The effect of tobacco leaf and harvest on economic performance. 67

    4-6 quality attributes. 71

    4-6-1 effect of tobacco leaf ripening and harvest on nicotine content of tobacco leaves. 71

    4-6-2 The effect of tobacco leaf ripening and harvest on sugar content of tobacco leaves. 72

    4-6-3 The effect of tobacco leaf maturity and harvest fold on the SPAD number of tobacco plant leaves 73

    Suggestions. 78

    Resources. 79

    List of sources: 80

    Source:

     

    1-Ahi Far, H. 1367. Tobacco botany and characteristics of Iranian tobaccos. Scientific report of Iran Tobacco Company Research and Scientific Investigations Center.

    2- Ahifar, H. 2016. Comparison of morphological, physiological characteristics and quantitative and qualitative performance of stable two-hybrid with Tiklak and Trabozan varieties. Research Report of Tirtash Tobacco Research Institute, Iran Tobacco Company, 16-26.

    3- Emami, 1381. From Seed to Smoke, Urmia Tobacco Research Center

    4- Evans, E. T. 1377. Evolution, adaptation and performance of agricultural plants. Rahimian, H.; A. Kochi and A. hit Publication of agricultural education. 495 pages

    5-Piri, AD 1376. Reprimanding and lateral bud control. Educational and promotional magazine of Iran Tobacco Company

    6-Khodabandeh, N. 1376. Cultivation of industrial plants. Sepehr Publishing Center

    7-Khajepur, 1385. Industrial Plants. Isfahan Industrial University Jihad Publications. Second edition. page 564

    8- Rostami, M. 2016. The effects of nitrogen amounts on the yield and quality of two varieties of barley tobacco. Dissertation

    9- Ranjabr, M., 1384 Tobacco cultivation, Rasht Tobacco Research Center publication

    10- Sazgar, P. 1370 A. Income from cigarette consumption in Iran. Scientific report of the Center for Scientific Research and Investigations of Iran Tobacco Company.

    11- Sazgar, P. 1370 B. Chemistry of tobacco. Scientific report of Iran Tobacco Company Research and Scientific Research Center, Master of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran. The art of race. 1374. Investigating the genetic characteristics and combinability of Virginia tobacco cultivars. Research Report of Gilan Tobacco Research Center, Iran Dakhania Company, 23-38. 13- Safarzadeh Vishkaei, M.N., Q. Nurmohammadi, A. Majidi and B. Rabi'i 1386. The effect of methanol on the growth and yield of peanuts, Agricultural Sciences, Year 13: 104-87.

    14- Alizadeh. A. 1378, the relationship between water, soil and plants, Mashhad, Imam Reza (AS) University. Dekha Niyat.

    16- Education and Promotion Research Committee 1375. Cultivation and processing of Virginia tobacco. Iran Tobacco Company Publications

    17- Kia, N. and Mojtabi, M. 1366. The effect of Prime Plus controller compared to other controllers. Tir Tash Tobacco Research Institute

    18- Motsharazadeh, B. and Melkoti, M. 1379. Familiarity with the method and time of consumption of new chemical fertilizers made in the country, Technical Journal No. 69, Ministry of Interior

    19- Masbah , M. 1381. Tobacco Pests and Diseases, Promotional Publication No. 4, 5, Rasht Tobacco Research Center

    20- Misbah, 1379. Tobacco irrigation, Rasht Tobacco Research Center Publications

    21- Misbah, 1381. Tobacco Quality, Rasht Tobacco Research Center Publications

    22- Mesbah, 1375. Tobacco Fertilizer Rasht Tobacco Research Center Publications 23-Abanda-Nkpwatt, D., M. Musch, J. Tschiersch, M. Boettne and W. Schwab. 2006. Molecular interaction between Methylobacterium extorquens and seedlings: growth promotion, methanol consumption, and localization of the methanol emission site. J. Exp. Bot. 57(15):4025-4032

     

    24-Albrecht, S.L., C.L. Douglas, E.L. Klepper, P.E. Rasmussen, R.W. Rickman, R.W. Smiley, D.W. Wysocki and D.E. Wilkins.

Investigating the effect of handling and the number of harvest lines on the quantitative and qualitative yield of PVH19 tobacco production
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