Investigating grafting of four varieties of roses (Rosa sp.) on the base of wild nestling (Rosa canina L.)

Abstract

In order to investigate the effect of Nestern base on the vegetative and reproductive growth of four rose cultivars, a factorial experiment was conducted with two factors in the form of a randomized complete block design in 3 replications. The first factor (A) includes four cultivars of rose Tabo (red), Superstar (orange), Dr. Benjamin (pink) and Evening Star (yellow) and the second factor (B) is the time of transplanting on two dates (March 13 and 25) and with an interval of two weeks on the bases of mountain nester. The results showed that the interaction effect of time and different grafted rose cultivars used on the traits of shoot height, number of leaves, flower life and base height were significant at 1% and 5% probability levels. According to the results of the highest amount of shoot height, the number of petals and the number of flowers; The total number of leaves was observed in Dr. Benjamin variety. Dr. Benjamin and Superstar cultivars had the highest flower lifespan. Awning Star variety had the highest flower diameter and base height and the highest shoot growth as well as the largest leaf size in Super Star variety. The height of the cutting 30 days after transplanting did not show any significant difference between different cultivars.

Key words: rose, chisel grafting, wild nasturtium.

Introduction

Many archaeological evidences show that the history of human familiarity with roses and its medicinal properties It reaches about 4350 years. Tablets discovered in the area of ??Babylon (south-east of today's Iraq) show that the Sumerian king Margon was the first person who showed interest in roses and ordered them to be planted in his fields. In ancient Greece, about 1600 years before Christ, roses were painted on the walls of the palace, and then this work was done on the graves by the Egyptians after 100 years. The famous Greek poet Sappho mentions the rose as the queen of flowers, and Theophrastus, the founder of botany, wrote in detail about the rose and its pruning between 382-287 BC (Huxley et al., 1992). The ancient Romans had vast rose gardens and even in winter they cultivated them in postum[1], which was a kind of glass greenhouse. Rose petals formed their beds, and their underlay was a motif of rose, and the Romans had a great passion for rose, which were actually rose gardens (Huxley et al., 1992; Hesayon, 1998). For the ancient Iranians, the rose was a source of goodness, blessing and forgiveness, and their fondness for their red rose is the reason for this. The first images related to the cultivation of roses were found in Iranian writings in the 7th century AD (Huxley et al., 1992). Damask rose [2] is one of the early roses and one of the ancestors of today's roses may be from Iran (Wright, 1995). In the Middle East, the knowledge and cultivation of roses goes back to before history. When the western civilization was being formed, there were rose gardens in China and they used its fragrance and petals to decorate and also protect themselves from evil spirits (Hsayoun, 1998). Fossils recovered from rose blooms in Argonaut, Colorado, probably date from 35 to 70 million years ago. Rose is one of the five main bases of roses in the world (Chevalier, 1996). Currently, millions of people are attracted by the beauty and fragrance of roses. Every day, in every corner of the world, we see the establishment of exhibitions and gardens that present the beauty of Rose Gold. Among cut flowers being produced in the world, roses have always occupied the first ranks of the sales table (Huxley et al., 1992). Among the wild roses that have medicinal uses and are used as the basis of most ornamental roses, we can mention mountain nester. The fruit of this plant is rich in vitamin C. In some European countries, medicines called Viroma [3] and Diriroma [4] are prepared from it and offered to the pharmaceutical market. The effective ingredients of this plant reduce uric acid and treat the discomfort caused by gout. These substances are also used to treat swelling of the kidneys and urinary tract. The seed oil of mountain nasturtium has many uses in the cosmetics industry (Omid Beigi, 2014). In many researchers' reports, it has been stated that the fruits of various plants, including the mountain nasturtium, contain appropriate amounts of phenolic compounds (Kai and Ding, 1995; Ozminaski and Chomin, 1993). The fruits of mountain nasturt contain relatively large amounts of phenolic compounds that have a very beneficial effect on human health (Boehm et al.The fruits of mountain nester contain relatively large amounts of phenolic compounds that have a very beneficial effect on human health (Boehm et al., 2003; Sinar and Colacojilo, 2005). In a research, the amount of total phenolic compounds present in the fruits of mountain nestlin in Turkey was reported to be 96 mg (Arsisli, 2007). Carotenoids protect the body against diseases due to their antioxidant properties. Carotenoids prevent the formation of free radicals in the human body (Kirakosian et al., 2004). The fruits of the mountain nester contain a high amount of carotenoids (Hudisan et al., 1997). The amount of carotenoids in different rose species varies between 189-1192 (?g/g dry weight) and the average amount of carotenoids in rose fruits is 651 ?g/g dry weight (Olsan et al., 2005). Iran's annual income from the export of flowers and ornamental plants is equal to 86 million euros. The export of ornamental flowers and plants in the world is equal to 8600 million euros. Annually, 3 million euros are paid for the import of rose bases and varieties. By using quick methods of rose production, a lot of attention can be paid to the export of roses (Agricultural Statistics 2019). Because it is possible to produce several new plants from the mother plant that are transplanted on a suitable base and resistant to environmental conditions. As a result, the desired characteristics of the mother plant will be preserved by grafting. Roses, which basically have a weak root system, such as some varieties of tea hybrids [5], can be placed on the feet that have a strong and wide root system and are part of wild roses (such as wild nasturtium), and with this method old bushes can be rejuvenated. Even as variety, several different colors of roses can be created on one base. Considering the multiple value of rose varieties and the importance of grafting in them, the decision was made to conduct this experiment to investigate the grafting time of 4 rose cultivars on their most common base, i.e. wild nester (Ezdi et al., 2013).

Production of flowers and ornamental plants in Iran, while having significant advantages, contains challenges and inadequacies in the market structure and marketing of these products. The producer's share of the selling price to the consumer and marketing efficiency is low. At the same time, in this system, due to high waste, technical efficiency is low. However, the price efficiency is high because the retail price is high compared to the farm price, and as a result, the total efficiency is also high. Therefore, the contribution of other marketing factors from this high ratio is more than that of producers.  Examining the structure of this market shows that the goods are heterogeneous and the conditions for entering the market are difficult.  Therefore, the flower and plant marketing system in Iran is ineffective and the market structure is a non-competitive structure. These non-competitive conditions will cause the existence of incomplete information in the market.

In recent years, the production and trade of flowers and ornamental plants has been developed at the global level, and since 1987, it has grown by about 9 to 15% annually, and the value of its commercial transactions has reached more than 100 billion dollars in 1990. The strengths and potential of Iran in the production of flowers and ornamental plants are significant. In Iran, due to the diversity of climate, bright sun, cheap fuel and labor, sufficient light, water resources, relative humidity, lack of strong and damaging monsoon winds, and most importantly, young, educated and active manpower, it is possible to produce flowers and ornamental plants with export quality and economic justification. Land products to Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria and the countries of Central Asia, the overlapping and strengthening interaction of flowers and plants with the tourism industry, the annual growth of 8-15% in commercial exchanges of flowers and ornamental plants due to the cultural and economic growth of different countries and mechanized life, the growing feeling of the need to return to nature, the proximity of Iran to the United Arab Emirates with more than 50 weekly flights from Iran to Dubai and the development of Dubai Airport with more than 100 airlines to 140 destinations and the start of work Dubai Total Centers (DFC) is an opportunity for the country's flower and plant industry.

Despite the potentials and advantages in the production of flowers and ornamental plants in the country, we have not yet achieved our rightful place in the world market. Although Iran's flower exports started with 500 thousand dollars in 1370 and have reached the limit of 40 million dollars with an upward trend.