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  3. The effect of adding dried citrus pomace powder on the reproductive performance of old broiler chickens

The effect of adding dried citrus pomace powder on the reproductive performance of old broiler chickens

Number of pages: 71 File Format: word File Code: 32420
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Animal Husbandry - Poultry Farming
Tags/Keywords: Broiler chickens - Citrus pomace - Dried citrus pomace powder - Egg quality - mother hen - reproductive function - Sperm penetration
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  • Summary of The effect of adding dried citrus pomace powder on the reproductive performance of old broiler chickens

    A master's thesis in the field of animal science-animal physiology

    Abstract

    The effect of adding dried citrus pomace powder on the reproductive performance of old broiler chickens

    with the aim of improving egg quality and sperm penetration into eggs Fruit vitelline layer and increasing fertility, dried citrus pomace was added to the diet of old broiler chickens of Cobb 500 strain. The number of 36 broiler chickens of the Cobb 500 strain and their 12 hens of the same breed were randomly selected at the age of 65 weeks, and the chickens were divided into three groups of 12. Dry citrus pomace was used at zero, 5 and 10% levels for 10 weeks in the diet (T1, T2 and T3, respectively). Free water and restricted feed were provided to the birds at 7:30 AM. Roosters were habituated to ejaculation for two weeks by abdominal rubbing. Inoculation of chickens was done between 14-16 hours. During 10 weeks, egg production and its qualitative parameters such as egg weight, appearance index, yolk index, Haw unit, shell thickness, albumen pH, yolk pH and fertility rate were evaluated. Sperm penetration into the fravitelline layer was evaluated and lipid peroxidation index (TBARS) was measured in the last week of the experiment. The findings showed that diet had no effect on fertility, sperm penetration rate into the fravitelline layer, lipid peroxidation index (TBARS), yolk index, egg shape index, body weight, egg weight, albumen pH, and yolk pH. The feeding of dry citrus pomace was associated with an increase in haw units, shell thickness, and egg weight. Considering the positive effect of citrus pomace at consumption levels on some quality characteristics of eggs and the availability and cheapness of citrus pomace, therefore, feeding citrus pomace to the diet of old breeder birds can be used at least at the consumption levels in the current experiment.

     

    Chapter 1- Introduction

     

    A bird's age has an inverse relationship with its reproductive performance (Robinson et al., 1990). In breeds that have the highest genetic potential for egg production, production decreases with age. Moreover, eggs laid during the second production cycle are less fertile and their hatching may be reduced (Lerner et al., 1993). If sperm are present in the collecting ducts (SST)[1] and the ovulation process is normal, the egg will usually be fertile. Most eggs that are produced up to 7 days after natural mating or artificial insemination are fertile (Leeson and Summers, 2012). Unlike mammals, avian sperm does not need to be capacitated in the female reproductive system for fertilization with an egg (Howarth, 1971). For successful fertilization, the sperm must go through all stages of the fertilization process, such as migration, accumulation in the SST, attachment and penetration into the pre-vitelline layer (PVL) and merging with the egg (Donoghue, 1999). Vitelline is an index of sperm's overall fertility (Bramwell et al., 1995). Because sperm must be able to enter the SST, move through the reproductive tubes, and penetrate the PVL, a high number of sperm pores in the PVL indicates a high fertility. (Bramwell et al., 1995; Christensen et al., 2006) there is a correlation between the number of sperms that penetrate the blastodisc [3], and it is expected that the number of sperms that penetrate the blastodisc decreases with the passage of time. Accordingly, with the increase in the age of the hen from 27 to 56 weeks, the number of sperm penetration in The blastodisc was reduced from 113 to 60 (Bramwell et al., 1995). As the chicken ages, the number or ability
    of sperm receptors in the blastodisc can decrease.Also, increasing age shortens the length of the ovulation sequence [4] (Williams and Sharp, 1978), increases the interval between ovulations from 24 hours to 26 to 27 hours and decreases egg production (Romanoff and Romanoff, 1949), decreases the rate of yolk transfer between 24 and 78 weeks (Lacassagne, 1960), decreases the rate of follicle entry into the final stage of rapid growth and subsequent accumulation. The yolk is associated with a smaller number of follicles (Williams and Sharp, 1978), a decrease in follicle sensitivity to LH and a decrease in its ovulation capacity (Moudgal and Razdan, 1985). Among many nutritional components, antioxidants are particularly important in maintaining high levels of growth, production and immune system in birds. This concept becomes more obvious by understanding the role of antioxidants in reducing the harmful effects of free radicals [5] and toxic metabolites in animals. One of the most important ways to prevent oxidative stress and create antioxidant balance in animal bodies is to increase the antioxidant power by optimizing the antioxidants received from feed (Surai et al., 2010). In the processes of regeneration and conversion of oxygen to water, several toxic substances such as superoxide ion, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical are produced in the body. These compounds are strong oxidizing structures that are a threat to living cells; Because they can destroy the protein and lipid parts of cells. Peroxidation of membrane lipids can also cause peroxidation of membrane proteins (Breininger et al., 2005). As a consequence of lipid peroxidation, the reduction of unsaturated fatty acids is accompanied by the production of free radicals. These radicals will increase lipid peroxidation and produce malondialdehyde (MDA) [6] and 4-hydroxynonenol [7] (Baumber et al., 2000). Almost all cells have compounds and enzymes that can neutralize the toxic effects of reactive oxygen species [8]. Two groups of antioxidants have been identified in bird eggs: water-soluble antioxidants found in the albumen, and fat-soluble antioxidants found in the yolk. The second group includes vitamin E and carotenoids, both of which are made only by plants and animals must receive them through food
    (Surai, 2002). The egg yolk contains a large amount of lipids, which provide the majority of the embryo's energy needs. These lipids are part of the structure of biological membranes and precursors of compounds such as hormones. Free radicals can destroy the important lipids of the yolk during peroxidation. Antioxidants can prevent this destruction and make it possible for the lipids to be used in the development process of the embryo or to be accumulated and used after birth in the development of the immune, hormonal and digestive systems during the first week of life (Surai, 2002). Embryos may be exposed to heat stress caused by overproduction in the final stages of the incubation period (Tullett, 1990). Embryo development is dependent on the accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipids present in embryonic tissues (Noble and Speake, 1997; Speake et al., 1998). This issue causes the high sensitivity of embryonic tissues to lipid peroxidation and free radicals (Surai, 1999a). Oxidative stress in the last days before the birth and the first days after the birth of chicks can cause problems and then reduce the rate of chick production and increase mortality after birth. Therefore, the development of efficient antioxidant power in tissues is necessary to prevent lipid peroxidation. The antioxidant system of the embryo and newborn chick is based on antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase (Surai, 1999a, b), vitamin E (Surai, 1999b), carotenoid [12] (Surai et al., 2001a, b), ascorbic acid [13]
    (Surai et al. al., 1996) and reduced glutathione[14] (Surai, 1999b).

  • Contents & References of The effect of adding dried citrus pomace powder on the reproductive performance of old broiler chickens

    List:

    Chapter One: Introduction. 2

    1-1- The objectives of the research. 6

    Chapter two: Background of the research. 8

    2-1- Storage conditions for citrus pulp. 8

    2-2- Nutritional value of citrus pulp. 9

    2-3- The effects of foods with antioxidants. 10

    2-4- The effects of citrus pulp. 11

    The third chapter: materials and methods. 15

    3-1- Place and time of research implementation. 15

    3-2- Preparation of the salon.. 15

    3-3- Preparation of dry citrus pomace powder. 15

    3-4- Research method.. 16

    3-5- Experimental treatments. 16

    3-6- Preparation of rations.. 17

    3-7- Necessary materials and tools.. 19

    3-8- Artificial insemination.. 20

    3-9- Measured parameters. 21

    3-9-1- Weighing chickens. 21

    3-9-2-Egg production.. 21

    3-9-3-Egg weight.. 21

    3-9-4-Egg shape index. 21

    3-9-5-yolk index.. 22

    3-9-6-.fertility.. 22

    3-9-7-shell thickness. 22

    3-9-8- The height of the yolk and white and the unit of volume. 23

    3-9-9- Determining the pH of egg white. 24

    3-9-10- Measurement of MDA concentration. 24

    3-9-10-1- Preparation of solutions. 25

    3-9-10-2- Draw a standard curve. 26

    3-9-10-3- Measurement of MDA concentration of egg yolk. 27

    3-9-11- Evaluation of sperm penetration. 28

    3-10- Statistical analysis.. 30

    Chapter four: results. 32

    4-1- Body weight.. 32

    4-2- Quality characteristics of eggs. 33

    4-2-1- egg production.. 33

    4-2-2- egg weight. 33

    4-2-3- egg shell thickness. 34

    4-2-4- Albumen height. 34

    4-2-5- Hau unit.. 35

    4-2-6- Yolk height.. 35

    4-2-7- Yolk diameter.. 35

    4-2-8- Yolk index.. 36

    4-2-9- Egg length.. 36

    4-2-10- Width egg 37

    4-2-11- egg shape index. 37

    4-2-12- Yolk pH.. 37

    4-2-13- Albumen pH.. 38

    4-3- Lipid peroxidation index of egg yolk. 38

    4-4- Fertility percentage and sperm penetration rate into the fravitelline layer. 38

    Chapter Five: Discussion. 49

    Suggestions.. 55

    Resources.. 56

     

     

    Source:

     

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