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  3. Economic evaluation of soil protection operations in Rudsar city

Economic evaluation of soil protection operations in Rudsar city

Number of pages: 70 File Format: word File Code: 32412
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: agriculture - economic - Economic evaluation - Erosion - Lesvos region - watershed - watershed - Watershed operations
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  • Summary of Economic evaluation of soil protection operations in Rudsar city

    Academic thesis for obtaining a master's degree

    Abstract

    This research was conducted in order to determine and identify the economic and social effects of water management operations in the area of ??Lesbo in Rodsar city, as well as to examine the views and opinions of villagers regarding the effects of water management activities. is To collect information, the questionnaire and information available in the natural resources department of Rodsar city were used. The research sample included 242 rural households, including farmers, ranchers, and farmers. Data analysis was done using the cost-benefit ratio method. The desired information of the research was done through the design of the questionnaire and its distribution, and also some information related to the expenses on the watershed management plans were collected from the natural resources department of Rudsar city. The results of the research showed that the implementation of watershed projects based on the cost-benefit ratio in two sectors of agriculture and animal husbandry had positive effects and was economically justified with a value of 1.03. In addition, it was found that the implementation of watershed management projects in the research area has not played a positive and effective role in increasing the employment of users and preventing the migration of villagers, which is currently considered one of the most important challenges and problems in rural areas, so that 83.9% of the interviewees considered the implementation of watershed management projects to be ineffective in this regard. The cost-benefit ratio for agricultural and animal husbandry products in 2013 (starting year) was 2.62 and 0.46, respectively, and these rates changed to 0.87 and 0.15 for 2013, respectively.

    Key words: watershed management, economic, social, watershed, region Lesvos

    Introduction

    Soil is one of the main natural resources that ensures the growth of plants and meets more than 97% of the world's food needs. The upper layer of soil is the main input for agricultural activities. The growing demand for food leads to the scarcity of agricultural land. In the past few decades, this valuable natural resource has been depleted due to human factors (deforestation, overgrazing and mismanagement of land) and natural factors (water and wind erosion) and its value has decreased (Aqli Kohneshahri, Sadeghi, 2014). Based on the definition of Hearn[1] and Donahue[2], erosion is a set of activities in which a material of soil or rock is washed, loosened, or dissolved, or removed from a part of the earth, and includes the processes of leaching[3], solubility, and transfer (Hearn and Donahue, 1991).

    Generally, erosion is of two types: natural erosion and intensified erosion. Natural erosion, which is geological erosion, is the result of physical, chemical and biological processes and is slow. But the intensified erosion, which is mainly the result of human activities such as agriculture, road construction, mining, etc., is destructive. In a general view, if there is a balance between the two, no problem will arise, but if the intensified erosion is more than the natural erosion, its negative economic and social effects will appear. The intensity of erosion and its extent are not the same in different times and places and are related to the natural conditions of lowland, elevation, soil characteristics, and land use (Shakuri, 1974).

    Factors affecting erosion are divided into three general groups. The first group are the factors that provide the necessary energy for erosion. The second group are the factors that provide the basis for its occurrence or non-occurrence, and the third group are the factors that protect the soil against erosion (Morgan[4], 1995). In many cases, it has been observed that the best thing to do in some places is to leave the land and get along with nature, and in some places, erosion is prevented by creating a simple vegetation cover, such as the places where the main place to harvest the particles carried by the wind.Failure to comply with these simple yet important points has resulted in many human and financial losses (Aqli Kohneshahri, Sadeghi, 1384).

    According to the estimates, soil erosion in the country in 1355 was equivalent to one billion tons, which increased to 1.5 billion tons 10 years later and to 2.5 billion tons in 1375. According to another estimate, soil erosion from Ten tons per hectare in the 60s reached twenty tons per hectare in the 70s. The consequences of soil erosion in our country are generally in the form of accumulation of sediments behind dams, loss of vegetation, increase in floods and soil pollution (Program and Budget Organization, 1378).

    One ??of the solutions to prevent soil erosion is soil protection. Soil protection is the opposite of soil degradation. Knowing how to protect the country's soil can prevent soil degradation. Today, sustainable development as the most central development goals in the country's agricultural sector will be achieved when basic resources such as water and soil are protected and exploited in a principled manner within the framework of technical standards. In general, it can be said that any investment that preserves or increases the productivity or prevents the reduction of the potential productivity of the land is soil protection (Hayati, Khalilian, 1386). Agricultural soil is one of the most important inputs in the production process of agricultural products, whose quality plays an important role in the yield of the product and achieving food security and sustainable development. So that the low level of agricultural production in Iran compared to world standards is largely attributed to the continuous decrease in the fertility of agricultural soils (Refahi, 1378).

    Unfortunately, the annual soil erosion rate in Iran is reported to be equal to 33 tons per hectare, which has many in-farm effects on farmers in the form of a decrease in soil quality and crop yield, and also many off-farm effects on the society. In this context, farmers' failure to apply soil protection operations due to lack of awareness of its economic, social and institutional benefits is considered as one of the main reasons for this phenomenon. Also, if the soil protection methods are profitable, the farmers will make the necessary investments. To protect water and soil, mechanical and non-mechanical methods are used (Hayati and Khalilian, 2016).

    Mechanical operations include terracing, construction of earth and stone embankments, windbreaks, drainage channels, creation of diversion channels, which is a direct fight against soil erosion, which are difficult to implement and need to spend more money. Non-mechanical operations consist of preventing erosion by performing a series of correct management operations, which are relatively cheap, and in addition, the use of these operations is possible in any situation, which includes soil management such as protective plows, use of organic fertilizers, improved seeds, weeding, use of chemical fertilizers, and crop management including mulching, cultivation on horizontal lines, crop rotations, and strip cultivation (Refahi, 2015; Qadiri, 1372).

    Therefore, as stated, soil protection operations will have economic, social and environmental effects in any region and it is expected that any cost and investment for soil protection has an economic justification for that region. Therefore, according to the above, in the present research, it seeks to economically evaluate the implementation of water and soil protection operations in Lesbo watershed, located in Rodsar city, and to answer the question whether this plan, which includes several other plans, has economic justification or not?

    1-3 research hypothesis

    According to the said contents, a research hypothesis is expressed as follows:

    Soil protection operations in the watershed of Lesbos have positive economic effects and have been economically justified.

  • Contents & References of Economic evaluation of soil protection operations in Rudsar city

    List:

    Abstract. 1

    Chapter One: General Research

    1-1 Introduction. 3

    1-2 statement of the problem. 4

    1-3 research hypothesis. 5

    1-4 research objectives. 5

    1-5 Definitions and concepts used. 6

    1-5-1 watershed and watershed management. 6

    1-5-2 watershed project. 6

    1-5-3 watershed operations. 7

    1-5-4 inputs (inputs) of watershed projects. 7

    1-5-5 outputs of watershed projects. 8

    1-5-5-1 Effects and physical consequences. 8

    1-5-5-2 Effects and financial consequences. 8

    1-5-5-3 social consequences. 8

    1-5-5-4 environmental consequences. 8

    1-5-6 types of assessment of effects and consequences of watershed projects. 9

    1-5-6-1 Evaluation of economic (financial) effects and consequences 9

    1-5-6-2 Evaluation of environmental effects and consequences. 10

    1-5-6-3 Evaluation of social effects and consequences. 10

    1-5-6-4 Evaluation of distributional effects and consequences (income) 10

    1-6 Necessity of conducting research. 11

    1-7 research questions. 11

    Chapter Two: Generalities and research history

    2-1 Introduction. 13

    2-2 Economics of soil erosion. 13

    2-2-1 Historical perspective. 14

    2-2-2 Economics of soil and water protection. 15

    2-2-3 Effects of erosion on fertility and income. 16

    2-3 Comparison of benefits and costs of water and soil protection projects. 18

    2-3-1 Concept of financial and economic analysis. 18

    2-3-2 Criteria for comparing costs and benefits in water and soil protection projects. 19

    2-4 economic evaluation. 21

    2-4-1 Basic concepts of economic evaluation. 22

    2-4-2 economic evaluation indicators and criteria. 23

    2-4-2-1 net present value (NPV) 23

    2-4-2-2 benefit-cost ratio. 24

    2-4-2-2-1 benefits of the plan. 24

    2-4-2-2-1-1 direct or primary benefits. 25

    2-4-2-2-1-2 indirect benefits (directed to others) 25

    2-4-2-2-2 project costs. 25

    2-4-2-2-2-1 direct costs. 25

    2-4-2-2-2-2 dependent expenses. 26

    2-4-2-3 Rate of Return (IRR) 26

    2-4-2-4 The relationship between discount criteria. 27

    2-4-2-5 Payback period (PBP) 27

    2-4-2-6 Breakeven analysis method. 28

    2-5 research background. 29

    Chapter Three: Research Method

    3-1 Introduction. 36

    2-3 study area. 36

    3-2-1 The geographical location of the region and its general characteristics. 36

    3-2-2 Villages located in Lesvos region. 36

    3-2-3 general parameters of the region. 37

    3-2-4 shape of the domain. 37

    3-2-5 average height of the field. 38

    3-2-6 slope of the field. 39

    3-3 research methods. 39

    3-3-1 General picture of watershed management projects in Labesu area. 40

    3-3-1-1 Protection and flood projects. 41

    3-3-1-1-1 Costs of the protection and flooding project. 41

    3-3-1-2 seedling+working project. 42

    3-3-1-2-1 Planting project costs. 42

    3-3-1-3 heaping projects. 42

    3-3-1-3-1 Costs of the mounding project. 43

    3-3-1-4 seeding projects. 43

    3-3-1-4-1 Costs of seeding project. 43

    3-3-1-5 Fertilizer project. 44

    3-3-1-5-1 Fertilizer project costs. 44

    3-3-1-6 Animal feed supply project. 45

    3-3-1-6-1 Animal feed supply costs. 45

    3-3-1-7 livestock adjustment project. 47

    3-3-1-8 construction of water fountain 47

    3-3-1-9 educational projects. 47

    3-3-1-10 mechanical projects. 48

    3-3-1-10-1 Implementation costs of mechanical projects. 49

    3-3-2 Statistical society. 51

    3-3-3 Sampling. 51

    3-4 economic and social situation of Lesvos region. 52

    3-4-1 Agriculture. 52

    3-4-2 Animal husbandry. 53

    3-4-2-1 number of livestock. 54

    3-4-3 Employment. 55

    3-4-4 Migration. 55

    3-5 data analysis method 55

    3-6 Chapter summary. 57

    Chapter Four: Results and Data Analysis

    4-1 Introduction. 59

    4-2 Analysis of the results. 59

    4-2-1 Effects of watershed plans on agricultural activities in the basin. 59

    4-2-1-1 The production amount of the agricultural sector. 59

    4-2-1-2 The amount of income of the agricultural sector. 60

    4-2-2 Effects of watershed management plans on animal husbandry activities in the basin.62

    4-2-2-1 The number of livestock units in the basin. 62

    4-2-2-2 The amount of livestock production. 62

    4-2-2-3 The income of the livestock sector. 64

    4-2-3 The effects of watershed projects on employment. 65

    4-2-4 Effects of watershed projects in the field of migration. 66

    4-2-5 Economic effects of watershed projects in the basin. 66

    4-3 Chapter summary. 67

    Chapter Five: Discussion and Conclusion

    5-1 Introduction. 69

    5-2 An overview of the research outline. 69

    5-3 General conclusion of the research. 69

    4-5 suggestions. 72

    Sources and References 73

    Source:

    Ildroumi, Alireza. 1375. Evaluation of the results of watershed management operations carried out in Ekbatan Dam, Hamedan, Watershed Research Center.

    Bakhtiar, Asadullah. 1376. Socio-economic evaluation of Garbaygan Fasa flood spreading project, final report of the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad, Fars Natural Resources and Livestock Affairs Research Center.

    Jawaheri, Parham and Javaheri, Mohsen. 1385. Charahi water in the history of Fars, third volume, first edition, Fars Regional Water Organization, Bushehr, Kohkiloyeh and Boyer Ahmad.

    Hayati, Babollah and Khalilian, Sadeq. 2016. Estimating the economic benefits of soil conservation in rainfed wheat fields (case study: Charavimaq city of East Azarbaijan province), the 6th conference of agricultural economics of Iran. 2016. Economic evaluation of watershed projects on agriculture (case study: Mehr Sabzevar watershed), 6th agricultural economics conference.

    Office of water standards and technical criteria. 1390. Guidelines for economic studies of water resources development plans (first revision), publication number-365 A.

    Commercialization and Technology Transfer Office. 2013. Methodology for economic evaluation of technology, Ministry of Agricultural Jihad, Organization of Research, Education and Promotion of Agriculture, Research Deputy.

    Refahi, H. 1378. Wind erosion and its control, Publishing and Printing Institute of Tehran University.

    Refahi, H. 1375. Water erosion and its control, first edition, Publishing and Printing Institute of Tehran University.

    Plan and Budget Organization. 1378. Document of the third development plan, transsectoral areas.

    National Management and Planning Organization and the Ministry of Energy. 2014. Guide to identifying the economic, social, valuation and economic justification of water resource development projects, publication number 33. Shadmani, Alireza, Saleh, Iraj. 2016. Investigating the methods used in the financial and economic evaluation of investment plans in Iran's agricultural sector, the 6th Iranian Agricultural Economics Conference.

    Shakuri, Behrouz. 1374. Soil erosion and its consequences in the ecosystem, water, soil and machine magazine, number 6, volume 2. Shahrivar, Abdul. 1381. Investigating the integration of mechanical and biological methods and the construction of breakwaters in reducing runoff and sediment in the pasture lands of Kohkiloye and Boyer Ahmad provinces, a collection of articles presented in the first meeting of projects carried out with erosion plots. 1384. Estimating the economic effects of soil erosion in Iran, Economic Research Quarterly, No. 15, 87-100. 2013. Evaluation of watershed management performance results behind Sefidroud Dam, Tehran Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute.

    Qadiri, H. 1372. Soil protection (written by Norman Hudson), third edition, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz Press.

    Qurbani, M. 1380. Economic study of soil erosion in Iran: Estimating the cost of water erosion, doctoral dissertation in agricultural economics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran. 1387. Investigating the social and economic effects of watershed management activities on rural households in the Teng Khosh watershed (Semiram city), Isfahan University Research Journal (Humanities), Volume 29, Number 1, 204-195.

    Latfalipour, Mohammad Reza, Eslami Giski, Sakineh (2018), Cost-benefit assessment and sensitivity analysis of Sarcheshme copper complex, Economic Studies Quarterly, Volume 4, Number 3, pages 99-83.

    Majidian, Dawood. 1376. Evaluation of industrial plans, industrial management organization.

    Mohammadi Golrang, Bahram. 1382. Evaluation of the results of watershed management operations carried out in the Karaj Dam watershed (Azadb Basin), Watershed Research Center publications. 1377. Evaluation of the results of watershed operations carried out in the watershed of the Lar Dam, Watershed Research Center.

    Mohamdiglurang, Bahram, Mashaikhi, Mozhgan, Habibi, Mehdi. 1386

Economic evaluation of soil protection operations in Rudsar city
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