Evaluation of total dissolved solids (TDS) factor in drinking water of poultry farms in Piranshahr city

Thesis:

To obtain the degree of professional doctor of veterinary medicine (D.V.M)

Persian abstract

Title: Evaluation of the total solids factor solution (TDS) in the drinking water of poultry farms in Piranshahr city

Water is one of the most important chemical substances in terms of biology and exists in solid, liquid, and vapor forms in nature. Water is one of the building blocks of the living environment, it makes up almost 60% of the egg's weight and 55-57% of the poultry's body weight.   Water consumption is affected by various factors, including the amount of dissolved solids or TDS of the water. TDS indicates the amount of total solids dissolved in water, which is also called salinity. The main substances that affect the TDS of water are calcium, magnesium and sodium salts. The purpose of this thesis is to determine the TDS of water in poultry farms around Piranshahr city. In the research, sampling of 25 meat poultry farms around Piranshahr city was done randomly. A significant difference was observed between chicken farms in terms of TDS (p ? 05). According to the results, it can be concluded that the water of Piranshahr city is not one of the waters with high TDS.

Key words: drinking water, meat poultry farming, TDS, Piranshahr (Iran)

Introduction

After the soil of the world of particles Water is another world that has many effects on the life of living beings, especially humans. The close relationship between water and human life has been known for a long time. Early man realized the value of water to meet his needs in his first works. Water purification has been common since ancient times. Herodotus writes: Ancient Iranians did not pollute water, they boiled it and poured it into a copper container and carried the boiled water with them when traveling. Ancient knowledge has considered water as one of the four elements of the universe. All nations and religions have attached special value to water and have tried to keep it safe from pollution. From the point of view of biology, water is considered one of the most important chemical substances. Water exists in solid, liquid and vapor forms in nature. Water is one of the building blocks of the living environment. In such a way that its absence causes the destruction of life. Body water exists in three distinct environments: intracellular space (about 40% of body weight), intercellular space (about 15% of body weight) and inside veins (about 5% of body weight). Continuation of life in organisms depends on water, which is the most abundant substance in plant and animal tissues and the sea around us. More than 80% of the earth's surface is covered by water, which exists in the form of relatively pure water in rivers and lakes and a dilute solution of salt in the oceans, and in the form of an almost pure solid in snow plains, ice rivers, and polar ice sheets. The unusual properties of water have a profound effect on the nature of the environment. Today, scientists believe that in 3100 million years ago, when anaerobic organisms appeared, they used sea water and organic substances dissolved in it for their nutrition and evolution. Physical and chemical properties of water are completely different compared to its similar compounds. Water and its component ions, i.e. hydrogen ion and hydroxyl ion, are important factors in identifying the structure and biological properties of proteins, sugars and lipids. Water is one of the main ingredients in many food items, and water is basically an important part of many food items (Karamat, 2017).

The importance of water in poultry is because of the transfer of food, participation in chemical reactions, elimination of waste materials, helps to maintain temperature. Poultry are very sensitive to thirst, so that a few hours after water deprivation causes many losses in the poultry flock and Body temperature regulation is essential, water makes up approximately 57-55 percent of the poultry's body weight. (Zohri, 1370)

Water makes up more than 65% of shelled eggs and 74% of shellless eggs. Albumin contains a lot of water, and its solid part includes proteins in addition to a small amount of carbohydrates.(Zohri, 1370)

Water makes up more than 65% of eggs with shell and 74% of eggs without shell. Albumin has a lot of water and its solid part includes proteins plus a small amount of carbohydrates. Half of the composition of the yolk is water (North Vebell, 1375).

Water consumption is affected by various factors, including the amount of dissolved solutes or TDS of the water. Sometimes the excessive presence of some mineral salts causes an increase in water consumption by poultry.

TDS indicates the amount of total solids dissolved in water, which is also called salinity. The main substances that affect the TDS of water are calcium, magnesium and sodium salts.

The TDS level of water has an effect on the performance of the herd based on different regions. Therefore, in this research, we decided to evaluate the amount of TDS in different areas of poultry farms in Piranshahr city in order to provide solutions to create healthy flocks.

Research Objectives

Increasing TDS of water has caused many problems for the poultry industry, causing damage to drinking troughs and wetting the bed and causing coccidiosis. and joint problems and lack of proper management.

Investigation of the amount of TDS in water used by poultry farms in Piranshahr city

Investigation of the relationship between the amount of TDS and metabolic diseases in the flock

Investigation of suitable solutions to improve the quality of poultry farms

Investigation The relationship between the amount of TDS and herd performance

Hydrology or hydrology and its history

Hydrology or hydrology is derived from the two words Hydro which means water and Logy which means identification. Hydrology refers to a branch of physical geography that examines the circulation of water in nature.

The United States Science and Technology Association has chosen the following definition for hydrology:

Hydrology is the science of studying water on the planet and discusses the origin, circulation and distribution of water in nature, the physical and chemical properties of water, the reactions of water in the environment and its relationship with living organisms. does Therefore, it is considered that hydrology includes all issues related to water.

History and evolution of hydrology

As far as history shows, the first hydrological experiences are related to the Sumerians and Egyptians in the Middle East region, so that the construction of dams on the Nile River dates back to 4000 years before Christ. At the same time, there have been similar activities in China. From the beginning of history to about 1400 years after Christ, various philosophers and scientists such as Homer, Plato, and Aristotle have presented various ideas about the hydrological cycle, and little by little the philosophical concepts of hydrology have given way to scientific observations. It is estimated that there are about 1.4 billion cubic kilometers of water on the surface of the earth in various forms, most of which is in the form of seas, oceans and icebergs. Humans use almost 1% of the total water on earth, which is in the form of surface water and streams, rivers and lakes, or underground water (springs and wells). Surface water or underground water each have their own characteristics, which are mentioned below (Amiri, 1378). They have very little.

3- They may have sand particles.

4- These waters contain soluble iron and sometimes also soluble manganese, which when the water is exposed to the atmosphere due to oxidation by air, yellow-brown particles appear in them.

5- Carbon dioxide may be high in these waters and the pH of this Waters usually have a pH of 9.7-9.6.