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  3. The effect of seed treatment and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and yield components of corn variety 370 in Shahrood region.

The effect of seed treatment and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and yield components of corn variety 370 in Shahrood region.

Number of pages: 74 File Format: word File Code: 32407
Year: 2011 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: cereal - corn - Hydropriming - Osmopriming - performance - Root system - Seed treatment - Urea fertilizer
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  • Summary of The effect of seed treatment and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and yield components of corn variety 370 in Shahrood region.

    Master's thesis

    Department of Agriculture

    Abstract

    In order to investigate and compare the effect of osmopriming and hydropriming Corn seed at different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and yield components of double cross 370 corn, an experiment was conducted in the form of a split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replicates in 2019 and in the field of Shahrood Agricultural Jihad Training Center. In this priming experiment at four levels; no prime, osmoprime with PEG, osmoprime with KNo3, hydroprime and also urea fertilizer in three levels; 200, 300 and 400 kg per hectare were applied and its effect on 9 traits; Plant height, number of leaves, number of seeds in a cob row, number of seed rows in a cob, weight of 1000 seeds, biological yield, seed yield, harvest index and protein percentage of corn plants were investigated. The results of analysis of variance show the significant effect of priming on biological yield, seed yield, at the 5% probability level, and on plant height, 1000 seed weight, harvest index at the 1% probability level, and also show a significant effect of urea fertilizer on; Plant height, number of leaves, thousand seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, harvest index and protein percentage were at the probability level of 5% and the number of seeds in the cob row was at the probability level of 1%. The results of comparing the averages showed that seed hydropriming caused a significant increase in plant height, biological yield, seed yield and harvest index compared to other treatments. Hydropriming had a significant increase in the trait of 1000 seed weight compared to the control. In other traits, seed hydropriming did not show a significant increase. In all traits, except the trait of the number of seed rows in the cob, the level of urea fertilizer showed a significant increase. Comparing the mutual effects of priming and urea fertilizer only had an effect on plant height.

    In total, the hydropriming treatment with a fertilizer level of 400 kg/ha urea can be introduced as the best treatment with the best morphological traits, performance and performance components in this research. In fact, it is better to prepare the seeds before planting by soaking them in water for 10 hours. 400 kg of urea fertilizer should be applied to the ground in three times during the growing stages.

    Key words: urea fertilizer, hydropriming, osmopriming, corn, performance and performance components.  

    Corn with the English name (corn) and the scientific name Zea mays is from the cereal family (Poaceae) and is one of the four major grains in the world, and after wheat and rice, its production ranks third in the world (Duvick and Cassman, 1999).

    The origin of corn is the American continent and southern Mexico. The history of its cultivation reaches 8 to 10 thousand years ago (Tollenaar and Dwyer, 1999). The oldest archeology of maize is found in Mexico. The name of the corn species (mays) is derived from the word mahis, which is the name of a tribe in the Americas. In 1492, when Christopher Columbus arrived in Cuba, he observed that the natives were producing corn, he gave the name mahis to corn, this name was later changed to mays and is now written as maize in English. It is possible that corn seeds were brought from America to Europe by Christopher Columbus, because from 1500 AD onwards, corn cultivation was popular in Spain and Italy. In the early 16th century, corn was introduced by Orange traders found their way to South Asia and went to the Himalayan region along the Silk Road (FAO, 2000).

    This plant is of interest to Mexico, Peru, Central American countries and most of South American countries due to its special nutritional value. According to various and numerous evidences, it seems that the cultivation of corn was widespread centuries ago by the natives of these regions and they had a great contribution to its improvement and even varieties of it..

    This plant is of interest to the countries of Mexico, Peru, Central America and most of the countries of South America due to its special nutritional value. According to various and numerous evidences, it seems that the cultivation of corn was popular centuries ago by the natives of these regions, and they contributed a lot to its improvement and even prepared varieties of it. different climates, corn is a four-carbon plant in terms of photosynthesis, and although its range of adaptation is wide, it grows better in tropical and subtropical climates, corn is one of the plants whose grain yield is higher at higher latitudes than its native location, this indicates economic development and greater use of inputs in the production of this product at higher latitudes, and although longer lighting periods and longer growing seasons have also been effective in this, due to their great ability in producing The grain, corn, has been called the king of grains. Among the grains, corn has the most diversity in consumption, because in addition to being used as human food (canned or preparing food at home) and as fodder for livestock, it is also used in fermentation industries and the preparation of various industrial products, including ethanol. Hectares of cultivated land in the world are devoted to corn cultivation, and it occupies the largest cultivation area after wheat, while its production is after wheat and rice (Evan et al., 2005). The high dispersion is the presence of many corn improvements, these reasons include high performance per unit of work done and unit of surface (Iqbal et al., 2004). Maize is a compactable and easily transportable food source. The husks on the cob protect it from birds and rain. Maize can be harvested and stored over a long period. It can also be allowed to dry completely in the field for easy harvesting. The average chemical composition of a maize grain is 13% water, 59% starch, 10% crude protein, 5% fat, 4% pentosan, 3% Dextrin is 2% raw cellulose, 2% sugar and 2% ash (Nourmohammadi et al., 1380). There are varieties of corn with a stem length of 60 cm and 7 leaves to varieties with a height of 7 meters and 48 leaves, the length of the leaves varies from 30 to 150 cm and their width from 4 to 15 cm (Rashed Mozal et al., 1376). This high phenotypic diversity allows the selection of desired phenotypes with desirable characteristics, in commercial cultivars, the height of the stem is usually 2 to 3 meters with 16 to 23 leaves (Tollenaar and Dwyer, 1999). Corn inflorescences are completely different from wheat and barley inflorescences, and the male and female organs are located in different parts of the same plant. The male organ of corn, which is called the crown flower, is located in a cluster at the end of the plant in such a way that pollination is facilitated by the wind. There are two male flowers in each spike of the crown flower. The corolla flower is inside the sheath of the terminal leaf before it appears, and after the growth is completed, it gradually comes out of the sheath of the terminal leaf. Each male corn flower contains three stamens, and the pistil is depleted in it, and there is no trace of the outer covering. Each corolla flower may produce more than 25 million pollen grains, and this number of pollen grains is used to inoculate about 800 to 1000 seeds (Biki et al., 1390). During the flowering stage, each plant produces up to 10 million pollen grains per day (Tollenaar and Dwyer, 1999). The flower of the female corn is in the form of a spike, which is called a cob. Usually, in commercial varieties, no more than one ear is produced, although up to 8 ears may be formed in the lateral buds of each corn stalk, the ear originates from the lateral buds in the angle of the leaves and is usually located 0.5 to one meter (at a distance of 5 to 7 leaves) below the corolla (Tollenaar and Dwyer, 1999).

  • Contents & References of The effect of seed treatment and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and yield components of corn variety 370 in Shahrood region.

    List:

    Abstract..1

    Chapter One: Introduction

    1-1-Preface..3

    1-2-Botanical characteristics of corn.4

    1-3- Types of corn..7

    1-4-1- Stage of leaf growth.11

    1-4-2- The period of budding or flowering. 12

    1-4-3- The period of seed filling. 12

    1-4-4- The period of drying of the seed. 13

    1-5- Heat requirement of corn. 13

    1-6- Agricultural and physiological characteristics of corn. 14

    1-7- Planting operation Corn. 16

    1-7-1- Planting time. 16

    1-7-2- Planting distance. 16

    1-7-3- Planting depth. 16

    1-8- Operation. 16

    1-8-1- Cultivator and toothing. 17

    1-8-2- Weed control in Corn. 17

    1-8-3- Irrigation. 17

    1-8-4- Fertilization. 17

    1-9- Harvesting corn. 18

    1-10- Seed priming. 19

    Chapter Two: Review of resources

    2-1- Nitrogen..22

    2-1-1- Specifications Nitrogen. 22 - The appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer for corn plants. 23 - 2-2 - Seed priming. 24 - 2-2-1 - Effective factors in seed priming. 24 - 2-2-1-1 - Temperature. 24 - 2-2-1-2 - Duration of priming. 24

    2-2-1-3-seed drying.25

    2-3-Physiological and biochemical effects of priming.25

    2-4-Anatomical and morphological effects of priming.26

    2-5-Effect of hydropriming on enzyme activities during germination.26

    2-6-Effect of hydropriming on growth and 27

    2-7-Benefits of priming. 27

    2-7-1-Improving nutrition of agricultural plants. 27

    2-7-2-Increasing resistance to pests and diseases. 28

    2-7-3-Increasing germination and greening and uniformity in greening. 28

    2-7-4- Improving performance in conditions Unfavorable. 29

    2-8- Types of seed priming. 29

    2-8-1- Hydro and hydrothermal priming. 29

    2-8-2- Osmopriming. 31

    2-8-3- Hollow priming. 32

    2-8-4- Matric priming. 32

    2-8-5- Thermopriming.32

    2-8-6- Priming with plant growth hormones.33

    2-8-7- Biopriming.33

    2-9- Corn priming.34

    Chapter three: Materials and methods

    3-1- Time and place of experiment implementation.37

    3-2- Location of Shahrood city in terms of geography. 37

    3-3- Climatic features. 37

    3-4- Characteristics of the tested farm soil. 38

    3-5- Double cross 370 variety corn seeds. 38

    3-6- Seed priming. 39

    3-7- Plan implementation. 39

    3-7-1- Plan specifications Experimental. 39

    3-7-2- Land preparation and fertilization. 40

    3-8- Operation. 41

    3-8-1- Irrigation. 41

    3-8-2- Weed control and pest control. 41

    3-9- Sampling and measurements. 43

    3-10- Estimation of indicators. Growth. 44

    3-10-1- Leaf Area Index (LAI). 44

    3-10-2- Crop Growth Rate (CGR). 45

    3-10-3- Relative Growth Rate (RGR). 45

    3-10-4- Net Absorption Rate (NAR). 46

    3-11- Information Analysis. 46

    Chapter Fourth: Results and Discussion

    4-1- Morphological traits, yield and yield components. 48

    4-1-1- Plant height. 48

    4-1-2- Number of leaves per plant. 50

    4-1-3- Number of seeds in a cob row. 51

    4-1-4- Number of seed rows in a cob. 53

    4-1-5- Weight of one thousand seeds. 53

    4-1-6- Biological performance. 55

    4-1-7- Seed performance. 56

    4-1-8- Harvest index. 59

    4-1-9- Protein percentage. 60

    4-2- Growth indices. 62

    4-2-1- Leaf area index (LAI). 62

    4-2-2- Crop growth rate (CGR). 65

    4-2-3- Relative growth rate (RGR).68

    4-2-4- net absorption rate (NAR).70

    Summary of results..74

    ..76

    ..77

    Abstract..90

     

    Source:

     

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The effect of seed treatment and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and yield components of corn variety 370 in Shahrood region.
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