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  2. Agricultural Engineering
  3. Irrigation management with CROPWAT 8.0 model and economic evaluation of three varieties of tobacco in Rasht region

Irrigation management with CROPWAT 8.0 model and economic evaluation of three varieties of tobacco in Rasht region

Number of pages: 78 File Format: word File Code: 32404
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Agricultural water productivity - crop watt - Irrigation management - tobacco - Water sources
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  • Summary of Irrigation management with CROPWAT 8.0 model and economic evaluation of three varieties of tobacco in Rasht region

    Dissertation for Master's Degree
    Field: Agricultural Engineering Major: Agricultural Management

    Abstract

    In order to investigate the irrigation management of tobacco, which is one of the valuable agricultural and industrial products and is cultivated in different climatic conditions, an experiment was conducted in the form of randomized complete blocks, considering the water requirement of 50 (I1), 75 (I2) and 100 (I3) percent of the plant in the main plots and varieties of tobacco. Coker347 (V1), PVH19 (V2) and ULT138 (V3) were run in subplots in triplicate. This project was carried out in Rasht Tobacco Research Center in 2009 and the irrigation management of three tobacco cultivars was planned using meteorological data of the region by using CROPWAT 8.0 computer program. Based on the results obtained in terms of product weight, sterile male cultivars were more hydrophilic than Koker cultivar and showed the potential to accept more water. In terms of this trait, cultivar PVH19 (V2) with 100% irrigation had the highest yield with 15,710 kg, and cultivar Koker 347 (V1) with 50% irrigation had the lowest leaf yield with 8,786 kg. In terms of dry leaf production, sterile male cultivars were more productive than Koker cultivar. In terms of this trait, the variety PVH19 (V2) with 75% water requirement and 1761 kg production was superior to other varieties, and the Koker 347 variety with 50% water requirement and 912 kg yield had the lowest amount of dry leaves. The results of the project showed that PVH19 (V2) variety treatment with 100% water requirement had the highest income per hectare with 29010000 Rials and Coker347 (V1) variety treatment with 50% water requirement had the lowest income with 9514000 Rials. The results showed that by saving 25% in water consumption, not only the amount of crop and farmer's income will not decrease, but also significant savings in water consumption and labor costs. Therefore, taking into account the costs and income from the implementation of the project, the treatment (I2V2) (PVH19 with 75% water requirement) was selected and introduced as the best treatment. style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify;">

    1-Introduction

    A comprehensive and all-embracing approach to water consumption management in different sectors is the only way to solve the water crisis, so that in the light of understanding the importance of this vital substance, its efficiency can be further improved through scientific and accurate management. Because more than 97% of the earth's water is salty water, which is located in the oceans, and 2.15% of the remaining 2.5% of fresh water is in the form of polar ice, as a result, only 0.65% of fresh water can be used, of which 0.16% is in the form of vapor in the atmosphere, and the remaining water, which constitutes 0.49% of the total fresh water on the earth, is available as underground or surface water in lakes, rivers, streams, but all These water sources are not necessarily economically manageable and exploitable (Hashminiya, 2013). With about 600 hectares under tobacco cultivation and with an average yield of 1500 kg per hectare, Gilan province has an important contribution to the country's tobacco production after Mazandaran and Golestan provinces. The area under tobacco cultivation in the world is 69.3 million hectares and its annual production is 6.88 million tons and its yield in developing countries is about 1.6 and in developed countries it is about 2.2 tons per hectare (Table 1-1). The World Food Organization (FAO, 2009). Also, the area under tobacco cultivation in Iran is estimated to be about 5 thousand hectares with an annual production of 6,000 tons (FAO, 2009). Tobacco is cultivated in the northern provinces of the country mostly without irrigation (rainfed) and in the provinces of West Azarbaijan and Kurdistan under irrigation.Changes in climatic factors in recent years, such as the increase in air temperature, decrease in rainfall and its irregular distribution during the growth stage, have caused drought stress in different stages of plant growth and have significantly reduced the yield in rainy conditions (Bigloyi et al., 2015). Irrigation is a valuable option to increase water productivity in rainfed lands, and without paying attention to it, it is not possible to achieve optimal performance in rainfed conditions. Lack of water, like excess water, significantly reduces the yield and quality of tobacco. Therefore, irrigation in sufficient quantity and at the right time plays a significant role in the yield of tobacco. Light rain with cloudy weather after planting, light rain at the beginning of the growth stage and light rain with bright and sunny weather during the rapid growth stage and no rain at the Chinese leaf stage (rain in this stage of growth washes away the gum on the surface of the leaves and reduces the quality of the leaves) are the best conditions for growing in the field. Tobacco is a plant that is classified according to the method of drying in four groups: greenhouse[1], air-dry[2], sun-dry[3] and fire-dry[4], and the main cultivation of Gilani tobacco growers is western type tobacco such as the variety COKER347 (V1), which are generally large-leaved and dried in a greenhouse. Therefore, the use of Cravat computer program in the form of a research project can determine the time and amount of water required (irrigation management) in quantitative performance. and the quality of the commercial varieties PVH19 (V2), ULT138 (V3) and the local variety COKER347 (V1), which are considered hothouse tobaccos, have a significant role.

    1-2- Statement of the problem

    Tobacco is one of the valuable agricultural and industrial products that is grown in different weather conditions in more than a hundred countries of the world and has a significant impact on the economy of some of them. Given that the largest cigarette factory in the Middle East is located in Gilan province, and in recent years due to the intense competition of competing crops in the region and the significant decrease in the area under tobacco cultivation on the one hand and the decrease in rainfall and its irregular distribution during the growing season, on the other hand, the yield per unit area has decreased. and every year a lot of currency is spent on importing tobacco, so to supply tobacco to cigarette factories, it is necessary to increase the yield per unit area by applying irrigation management. According to the conducted research, the water requirement of tobacco is very different in terms of varieties and stages of plant growth, so that irrigation is not recommended immediately after transplanting, except in times of drought and extreme heat, because its maximum water requirement is 50 to 70 days after transplanting (Anonymous, 1998). The development stage reduces the growth and leaves remain smaller, and its severe deficiency during the flowering and ripening stage causes a delay in the harvest stage and as a result, a reduction in leaf weight and its chemical compounds (Doorenbos and Kassam, 1986). In tobacco, lack of water, like excess water, significantly reduces its quantitative and qualitative yield, hence irrigation in sufficient amount and at the right time (irrigation management) plays a significant role in tobacco yield. Therefore, it is not possible to increase the quantitative and qualitative yield of tobacco without considering the cultivars and applying irrigation management. In this experiment, tobacco cultivars Coker347, ULT138 and PVH19 were tested with three levels of 50, 75 and 100% water requirement using the CROPWAT model based on the weather conditions of the year 2019 in the Rasht Tobacco Research Center to compare quantitative and qualitative performance with an economical approach. 

    1-3- Importance and necessity of research

    In Gilan province, tobacco was mainly grown without irrigation during the past years and usually no water was given to it during the period except for transplanting water. And this was in the condition that the amount of rainfall in the province was more than 1500 mm per year. In recent years, due to the decrease in rainfall and the irregularity of its distribution, especially during the growth period, tobacco growers had to do supplementary irrigation. But due to ignorance of tobacco's water needs, irrigation is done more and less than the actual needs of the plant in many areas. Currently, the population of the country is more than 70 million people, and for the production of 65 million tons of products, about 85 billion cubic meters of water (with an efficiency of 0.62 kg per 1000 liters) is consumed. According to the predictions made in the next 50 years, the population of Iran will reach about 120 million people.

  • Contents & References of Irrigation management with CROPWAT 8.0 model and economic evaluation of three varieties of tobacco in Rasht region

    List:

    Chapter One: General Research 2

    1-1- Introduction. 3

    1-2- Statement of the problem. 4

    1-3- Importance and necessity of research. 5

    1-4- Hypotheses 5

    1-5- Research objectives. 6

    1-6- scope of research. 6

    1-6-1- Scope of the research in terms of subject. 6

    1-6-2- Research scope in terms of location. 6

    1-6-3- Scope of research in terms of time. 6

    1-7- Tobacco and its importance in the economy of countries 6

    Chapter Two: Review of sources. 8

    2-1- The history of tobacco cultivation in the world. 9

    2-2- The history of tobacco cultivation in Iran. 9

    2-3- Tobacco cultivation site in Gilan. 10

    2-4- Cultivated area and birth of tobacco in Iran and the world. 10

    2-5- Tobacco botany. 11

    2-6- Climatic needs of tobacco. 12

    2-7- Agricultural needs of tobacco. 12

    2-8- Tobacco cultivation system. 14

    2-9-Tobacco irrigation. 16

    2-10- Irrigation management methods in the tobacco cultivation system and its effects on yield. 19

    2-11-Efficiency of water consumption by plants. 20

    2-12- Tobacco cultivars. 23

    2-13- Effects of irrigation management on tobacco yield. 23

     

    2- 14- The effects of irrigation management and tested cultivars on tobacco yield components. 24

    2- 15- CROPWAT model. 25

    2-16- Product production functions in relation to water. 26

    Chapter Three: Materials and Methods 28

    3-1- Physical and chemical properties of the soil where the experiment was conducted. 29

    3-2- Weather information of the tested area. 30

    3-3- Specifications of the experimental design. 30

    3-4- Irrigation of tobacco. 30

    3-5- Test materials. 30

    3-5-1- Introduction of figures. 30

    3-5-2- Introduction of CROPWAT 8.0 model. 31

    3-6- Plan implementation steps. 31

    3-6-1- Preparation of treasury. 31

    3-6-2- Land preparation and application of treatments 32

    3-6-3- Stages of planting tobacco in the main land. 33

    3-7- Measured traits. 35

    3-7-1- leaf length. 35

    3-7-2- leaf width. 35

    3-7-3- the number of leaves. 35

    3-7-4- plant height. 35

    3-7-5- stem diameter. 36

    3-7-6- leaf surface. 36

    3-7-7- Determining fresh and dry weight of leaves. 36

    3-7-8- Determining the amount of leaf sugar. 36

    3-7-9- Determining the amount of nicotine in leaves. 37

    3-8- Production functions of tobacco cultivars in relation to water. 37

    3-9- Statistical calculations. 37

    Chapter Four: Data Analysis 38

    4-1- The effect of irrigation on quantitative yield. 39

    4-2- The effect of irrigation on the price of dry tobacco leaves. 40

    4-3- The effect of irrigation on gross income per area unit. 40

    4-4- The effect of irrigation on the length and width of tobacco leaves. 45

    4-5- The effect of irrigation on plant height. 45

    4-6- The effect of irrigation on the number of leaves. 46

    4-7- Irrigation effect on stem diameter. 46

    4-8- The effect of irrigation on the leaf surface. 47

    4-9- Production functions of tobacco cultivars in relation to water. 51

    4-10- The effect of irrigation on the amount of sugar in tobacco leaves. 52

    4-11- The effect of irrigation on the amount of nicotine in tobacco leaves. 54

    Chapter five: conclusion and discussion. 60

    5-1- Conclusion. 61

    5-2-final conclusion. 66

    5-3- Suggestions. 66

    Sources and sources. 68

    English abstract

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Irrigation management with CROPWAT 8.0 model and economic evaluation of three varieties of tobacco in Rasht region
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