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  3. Investigating the effect of planting date and different levels of potassium on the quantitative and qualitative performance of Maritighal medicinal plant (Silybum marianum L.)

Investigating the effect of planting date and different levels of potassium on the quantitative and qualitative performance of Maritighal medicinal plant (Silybum marianum L.)

Number of pages: 70 File Format: word File Code: 32403
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Maritigal - Medicinal plants - Morphological traits - planting date - Potassium - Potassium fertilizer - seed oil - Silybum marianum L - Silymarin
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  • Summary of Investigating the effect of planting date and different levels of potassium on the quantitative and qualitative performance of Maritighal medicinal plant (Silybum marianum L.)

    Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in agricultural engineering

    Treatment of medicinal plants

    Summary

    Maritigal (Silybum marianum L.) from the chicory family (Asteraceae) is a medicinal, herbaceous and annual wild plant found in different parts of Iran. The effective ingredients of Maritigal plant seeds are flavonolignans, which make up 1.5 to 3% of the weight of Maritigal seeds. The most important flavonoids in the seeds of this plant are: silybin, silychristin and silydianin, which are known as silymarin compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different potassium levels and different planting dates on the quantitative and qualitative traits of the Maritighal medicinal plant (Silybum marianum L.) in Fars province, Euclid city. The experiment was conducted in a factorial format based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The treatments included 3 planting dates (May 20, May 30 and June 10) and 3 levels of potassium fertilizer (150, 100,0 kg per hectare). The results of analysis of variance showed that the treatments of planting date and potassium fertilizer have a significant effect on the yield and yield components of Maritigal plant, but the mutual effects of these two treatments were not significant. The highest quantity of growth traits such as plant height, number of sub-branches, number of inflorescences and diameter of inflorescences were obtained on the second planting date, i.e. 30 May. The evidence shows that the potassium fertilizer treatment had the greatest effect on the quality traits of the plant, including oil percentage, silymarin percentage, oil yield and silymarin yield. Also, the highest amount of oil was obtained in the treatment of 150 kg/ha of potassium. The results of this study indicate that the planting date of 30 Ardibehesht along with the treatment of 150 kg/ha of potassium fertilizer is suitable for maximum growth and development and the highest yield of the plant and can be recommended for geographical areas with similar ecological conditions. style="direction: rtl;">

    Chapter One

    Introduction

     

     

    1-1 Introduction:

    Human societies have been in close contact since the beginning of their formation. He has been with his surrounding environment and has used the components of the environment to obtain food and medicine, knowing and using plants to prepare food and medicine was certainly through trial and error and gradually man was able to provide his needs from his surrounding environment. With the formation of civilizations and the provision of more facilities, human knowledge gradually became more complete. Medicinal plants have been one of the important sources for treating diseases, and in previous civilizations, it was common to collect and cultivate them in holy places such as shrines and monasteries (Jemzadeh, 2018). The use of plants in traditional medicine is common in Iran and other countries of the world, and based on historical evidence, Iran has been a leader in this field and one of the leading countries in the world (Jamzad, 1388).

    The use of medicinal plants is as old as human life, because diseases have been born with the emergence of humans, and several thousand-year-old documents in the history of medicine and pharmacy contain valuable experiences and information about medicinal plants. It was obtained naturally and mainly from plants. With the rapid progress of science on the one hand, and economic issues on the other hand, the use of medicinal plants was reduced in the past and chemical drugs replaced them in many cases (Omidbeigi, 1376), but the experience of the last few decades shows that chemical drugs with all their effectiveness have many undesirable and unfortunate effects, which has been proven today that there are fewer pure substances that do not have adverse effects.With the rapid progress of science on the one hand, and economic issues on the other hand, the use of medicinal plants was reduced in the past and chemical drugs replaced them in many cases (Omidbeigi, 1376), but the experience of the last few decades shows that chemical drugs with all their effectiveness have many undesirable and unpleasant effects, which has been proven today that there are fewer pure substances that do not have adverse effects. Research, factories and the World Health Organization [1] have prepared extensive programs for the use of medicinal plants, and have considered the role of medicinal plants as crucial in the 21st century, considering that currently less medicinal raw materials are made in Iran and we are in fundamental need of these materials in the pharmaceutical industry, the use of domestic medicinal plant resources is one of the ways to reduce this need, which has been traditionally prevalent in Iran for a long time, but the correct use of medicinal plants is conditional on the existence of accurate and scientific information. Unfortunately, due to the passage of time and due to the interference of uninformed and profit-seeking people, it has been distorted and myths and untrue materials have been added to them, which must be separated, and this separation requires expert and opinionated people so that the results can be used (Omidbeigi, 2016). In the beginning of this century, the progress of chemistry and the discovery of complex systems of organic synthesis led to the development of the pharmaceutical industry and the replacement of chemotherapy, thus modern medicine was able to cure many incurable and often fatal diseases. Despite these medicinal plants and medicines prepared from them, they were never completely abandoned (Omidbeigi, 1376). According to the report of the World Health Organization, today more than 80% of the world's people (nearly 5 billion people) still use herbal medicines to treat diseases, almost a quarter of the medicines prepared in the world are herbal medicines that are either directly extracted from plants or synthesized based on herbal composition (Omidbeighi, 2016). The term medicinal plants is not only used to relieve people's pains, but these plants are used in the subgroup of food as flavorings, non-drinkables, sweeteners, natural colors and insecticides, and also as the raw material of cosmetics and health products (Omidbeighi, 1376). With a brief look at the culture of using herbal medicines in Iran, we realize the valuable heritage of these plants in Iran's rich traditional medicine. On the other hand, the vast plateau of Iran has different climates and environments, for this reason, more than 7,500 plant species are unique to Iran, hence the flora of Iran is rightly considered one of the world's medicinal sources (Zarezadeh, 1383)

    1-2 History of medicinal plants:

    Iranians have long and even before others in the field of medicinal plants and their therapeutic application progress has been enjoyed (1382 Dozadeh Imami). A clear example of that is the book of Avesta, in one of the five books of Avesta, numerous sections are dedicated to herbal therapy, introduction of medicinal plants and their use (Dovazdeh Imami, 1382). Unfortunately, during the campaign of Alexander the Great, the famous library of Alexandria was mostly destroyed in a fire, and thus, the botanical records of the ancient East in the two civilizations of Iran and Egypt, as a result of these fires, lacked any ancient evidence of knowledge of medicinal plants and their properties. And in the 9th AD, Iranian doctors gave a special boost to the medicine of Iran and the world, so that with the discovery of scientists and geniuses such as Abu Ali Sina and Zakaria Razi, with the publication of their famous books (Qanun and Al-Hawi), great progress was made to the nation of Iran and the world (1382).

    1-3 Global approach to the use of medicinal plants:

    The global approach to the use of medicinal plants and natural compounds in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, health and food industries and the urgent need for extensive basic and applied research in this field (Alireza Kashfi Bonab, 1380). Medicinal plants are one of the most valuable resources in the wide range of natural resources, which in the case of scientific knowledge, cultivation, development and proper exploitation can play an important role in the health of the society, job creation and non-oil exports of any country. The variety of climates and different ecological conditions have caused the diversity and richness of medicinal plants throughout Iran. The need for comprehensive research and proper exploitation of these plants, especially when the world's use of medicinal plants in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, health and food industries has gained a very high momentum, is necessary. and it is necessary (Alireza Kashfi Bonab, 2010).

  • Contents & References of Investigating the effect of planting date and different levels of potassium on the quantitative and qualitative performance of Maritighal medicinal plant (Silybum marianum L.)

    List:

     

     

    Abstract 1

    1-1 Introduction 3

    1-2 History of medicinal plants 4

    1-3 Global approach in using medicinal plants 5

    1-4 Cultivation and production of medicinal plants 6

    1-5 Economic importance of medicinal plants 6

    1-6 Status of medicinal plants in Iran 7

    1-7 Use of fertilizers in fields 9

    1-8 Effects of nutrients on plant performance 9

    1-9 Chicory tree 10

    1-10 Botany 10

    1-11 Types of effective ingredients 10

    1-12 Uses 11

    1-13 geographical distribution 11

    1-14 planting 11

    1-15 soil 12

    1-16 had 12

    1-17 harvest 12

    second season 13

    2-1 potassium 14

    2-1-1 effect of potassium fertilizer on height Plants 15

    2-1-2 Effect of potassium fertilizer on seed performance 16

    2-2 Planting date 18

    2-2-1 Effect of planting date on plant height 19

    2-2-2 Effect of planting date on seed performance 21

    Chapter three 23

    3-1 Maritigal seeds 24

    3-2 Research location 24

    3-3 Physical and chemical characteristics of farm soil 24

    3-4 Geographical and climate characteristics of the project implementation site 24

    3-5 Land preparation and implementation of test plan 25

    3-6 Planting operations 25

    3-8 Measurement of traits 25

    3-9 Percentage of oil and percentage of silymarin 26

    3-10 Statistical calculations

    Fourth chapter 27

    4-1 Plant height 28

    4-2 Number of sub-branches in the plant 29

    4-3 Number of flowers 30

    4-4 Flower diameter 32

    4-5 Oil percentage 42

    4-6 Oil yield 43

    4-7 Silymarin percentage 35

    4-8 Silymarin yield 36

    Chapter five 37

    5-1 Plant height 38

    5-2 Number of sub-branches in the plant 39

    5-3 Number of flowers 40

    4-5 diameter of inflorescence 41

    5-5 oil percentage 42

    5-6 oil yield 43

    5-7 percent silymarin 44

    5-8 Silymarin yield 45

    general conclusion 46

    recommendations 46

    list of references 48

    Appendixes: 55

    Source:

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Investigating the effect of planting date and different levels of potassium on the quantitative and qualitative performance of Maritighal medicinal plant (Silybum marianum L.)
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