Dissertation for Master's Degree
Animal Sciences
Dissertation abstract:
In order to determine the chemical composition and physical properties of the second layer of alfalfa fodder in West Azerbaijan province, 72 samples were collected based on randomly classified sampling according to the rainfall of 3 climates. (Treatment) including: 1) basin north of Lake Urmia with 250-400 mm rainfall, 2) basin west of Lake Urmia with rainfall 300-800 mm and 3) basin south of Lake Urmia with rainfall 300-600 mm and 8 regions from each climate and 3 villages from each region were randomly selected. Then the samples of 3 villages from each region were completely mixed with each other and finally 24 samples were obtained for alfalfa fodder which were sent to the laboratory. The analysis carried out for the samples included: (dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, ash, insoluble fibers in neutral and acidic detergent) for chemical compounds and (particle size, physical effective factor, physical effective fiber, bulk density, water holding capacity, instantaneous volumetric mass and soluble dry matter) for physical properties. The results of the analysis of chemical compounds showed that there was no significant difference between the experimental treatments of the second layer of alfalfa in West Azarbaijan province (p<0.05), except for dry matter, which showed a significant difference between treatments 1, 2 and 3 (p<0.05). The highest amount of protein and crude fat was related to region 2 and the highest amount of dry matter, ash and insoluble fibers in neutral and acidic detergent was related to region 1. Also, the results of the analysis of physical properties showed that there was no significant difference between the experimental treatments in terms of water holding capacity, effective physical fiber and instantaneous volumetric mass (p<0.05). In terms of bulk density between treatment 1 and 2, in terms of particle size between 3 treatments, and in terms of physical effective factor and soluble dry matter, significant differences were observed between treatment 1 and treatment 2 and 3 (p<0.05). The results showed that the highest amount of particle size, physical effective factor and physical effective fiber was related to region 1, the highest amount of mass density and instantaneous volumetric mass was related to region 2, and the highest amount of water storage capacity and soluble dry matter was related to region 3.
Key words: West Azerbaijan province, chemical compounds, physical properties, alfalfa.
Introduction
It seems that raising livestock and poultry in a scientific and economic way and moving in the direction of livestock production development is dependent on the following four major factors:
Improving management
Improving nutrition
Improving livestock breeds
Improving animal health and housing
Meanwhile, proper nutrition is the most important determining factor in the production of livestock products and the development of the livestock industry, which in addition to recognizing the needs of livestock requires knowing the composition of food sources in terms of nutrients and minerals. The success of investment in livestock production depends to a large extent on proper feeding and nutrition. The lack of proper knowledge in this field leads to a decrease in livestock production and causes huge economic losses every year. Therefore, in order to make optimal use of livestock and poultry feed sources, it is necessary to obtain correct and sufficient information about their quality. There has been very little research in this field, and as a result, there are few tables. Also, Iran is a country with different climatic and ecological conditions, so it is expected that the composition of food ingredients varies greatly in different regions. Several factors such as the genus, species or variety of the plant, different parts of the plant such as leaves, stems and seeds, growth stage at the time of harvesting, soil fertility and characteristics, climate and weather conditions, changes in the stages of storage, processing, or storage, the presence of compounds against the quality of materials and external factors affect the composition of nutrients and minerals in feeds. And the province can compile and prepare standard food tables, and also use these tables to prepare appropriate and cheap rations, and if necessary, prepare and recommend appropriate supplements for each region and prevent the wastage of animal potential and reduction of production..
Determining the amount of nutrients and minerals in livestock food sources according to the specific conditions of each region and province can lead to the formulation and preparation of standard food tables, and also by using these tables to prepare appropriate and cheap rations and, if necessary, recommend the appropriate supplements for each region and prevent the wastage of animal potential and reduction of production. Chemical analysis and determination of physical properties is one of the practical and reliable methods to evaluate feed and the starting point of knowing the nutritional value of that food, because after determining the composition of feed and its characteristics, it is possible to start preparing balanced rations based on the needs of animals. The information obtained from the chemical analysis of feeds can be used for breeding programs of fodder plants, agronomics, regulating livestock and poultry diets, diagnosing problems and diseases related to nutrition, and providing a logical basis for fair pricing, especially in areas where the purchase and sale of animal feed is mainly carried out.
Many developing countries are facing problems in providing enough food for breeding animals. The price of feed materials used in feeding animals is high, and in recent years, the price of feed materials that form the basis of feeding animals has increased. During the past years, agricultural transformation industries and factories have been established and expanded in Iran. Providing nutrients for the animal is provided through food. Feeds are very different in terms of quality (physical and nutritious) and variety, even the nutritional value of a particular food item varies greatly from one region to another.
The presence of differences and wide-ranging changes in the nutritional composition and nutritional value of feeds on the one hand and the need to improve food efficiency (following reform programs to increase production in farm animals) on the other hand, require a more appropriate balance and balance in the amount and proportion of nutrients in livestock diets. requires, because in this situation, livestock feeding should no longer be limited to the quantitative aspect of feeding. Rather, it is necessary to pay attention to the qualitative dimensions of feeds and feeding. In order to meet the nutritional needs of farm animals, first of all, it is necessary to know the nutritional needs of the animal (in different conditions of keeping, production, etc.) It is in this way that the possibility of providing balanced rations will be provided, therefore attention to increasing the production efficiency of farm animals provides research and research fields in the matter of knowing and determining the nutritional needs of livestock as well as knowing the feeds and their nutritional value. The biochemistry of nutrition and especially the relationship between food and energy production in the animal body has attracted the attention of animal science experts (especially animal and poultry nutritionists) and even some international organizations, which has led to numerous researches in this regard. Due to the difference in chemical composition and nutritional value of feed sources in different climates, which changes under the influence of weather conditions, plant variety, soil type and texture, etc., therefore, the need to collect, categorize and refine the data available in the country regarding the nutritional value of livestock and poultry feed sources has been taken into consideration in order to compile and present the first tables of nutritional value of livestock and poultry feed sources in Iran. About 20 years ago, the nutritional value of livestock and poultry feed sources has been practically determined in the Animal Science Research Institute of the country, but due to the small amount of data, it has not been possible to compile these tables. In recent years, due to the feeling of need in the country and the relatively large amount of data produced, the preparation and compilation of relevant tables has been placed on the agenda of animal science research in the country.
As a result, the general goals of this plan can be stated as follows:
1- Identifying the chemical composition and physical properties of food ingredients and preparing standard tables for domestic feeds.
2- The use of domestic feed standard tables in balancing food rations and better utilization according to matching the standards with the sources of feed consumption.
3- Recommending livestock feed production programs especially in each region according to the value of chemical compounds, the favorable potential of the region and the parameters of the cultivation pattern.