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  3. The effect of using salicylic acid and biofertilizers on the yield and yield components of chickpea under supplementary irrigation conditions

The effect of using salicylic acid and biofertilizers on the yield and yield components of chickpea under supplementary irrigation conditions

Number of pages: 143 File Format: word File Code: 32395
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: bacteria - Biofertilizers - Chemical fertilizers - Nitrogen fixing bacteria - peas - Performance components of chickpeas - Salicylic acid - seeds - Supplementary irrigation - tension
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  • Summary of The effect of using salicylic acid and biofertilizers on the yield and yield components of chickpea under supplementary irrigation conditions

    Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in agriculture (M.Sc)

    Tension: Agriculture

    Abstract:

    This experiment is split factorial in the form of random complete blocks in 3 replications Karaj city (agricultural engineering town) was implemented in Karaj at the end of March 2012. This experiment included 3 factors, irrigation in 2 levels (rainy conditions and supplementary irrigation in the sheathing stage), growth-stimulating bacteria in 4 levels (Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, combined inoculation of Azotobacter and Pseudomonas and control (without inoculation)) and salicylic acid in 2 levels (no use and seed with a concentration of 1 mM). The results of this study showed that the effect of stress on all studied traits was significant, except for the length of the seed filling period, hundred seed weight and harvest index. Salicylic acid also had a significant effect on all investigated traits except the length of seed filling period, number of days to maturity and harvest index. Growth promoting bacteria also had a significant effect on all investigated traits except the length of the seed filling period, the length of the flowering period and the harvest index. The results showed that the effect of salicylic acid, stress and bacteria on seed protein was significant. In the case of seed inoculation with Azotobacter, the consumption of salicylic acid and supplementary irrigation, seed protein was obtained in the amount of 28.3%, which was significant compared to the treatment of no seed inoculation with bacteria, no use of salicylic acid and dry conditions (seed protein in the amount of 19.8%). In the case of seed inoculation with Azotobacter, use of salicylic acid and supplementary irrigation, the seed yield was obtained as 880 kg/ha. In this research, the triple interaction effects on seed protein, biological performance and seed yield were significant.

    Key words: peas, stress, salicylic acid, bacteria.

    11 Introduction

    In today's world, food production is one of the most important human issues, and in many developing countries, food production does not compensate for consumption. The current population growth in the world is about 2.5 to 3% and in 2150 about 10 billion people are predicted (Rastegar, 2017). Most Asian, South and Central American countries and almost the entire African continent are facing a lack of protein in their daily food. Humans need one gram of protein per kilogram of body weight for their balanced growth, and 25 to 40 grams per day is the minimum amount of protein that is required for vital functions of the body (Pour Najaf, 1385).

    Legumes are effective in soil fertility due to this special feature, i.e. the presence of atmospheric nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their roots, and large amounts of nitrogen are added to the soil every year after harvesting these products. Other parts of some leguminous plants such as leaves, stems, flowers, unripe pods, tuber plus germinated seeds can be used as human food, livestock and green manure to strengthen and improve the physical condition of the land (Majnoun Hosseini, 1372). Cultivation and production is in the third place after beans and lentils and it has the 19th place among crops (Kochaki and Banyan, 1373).

    According to the statistics available among legumes in the country, chickpea (Cicer arietinum) with a cultivated area of ??650,000 hectares and an approximate production of 340,000 tons is more important than other legumes. In addition, it seems that this plant is more adapted to the climatic conditions of the country than other legumes, and due to the limitations in the supply of animal proteins, it can provide a part of the protein needed by the country (Bagheri et al., 1376).

    The performance of chickpeas is influenced by various factors such as weather conditions, soil fertility, available moisture, plant density, growth rate and length of different stages of growth, early and late. Being a plant is located (Majnoun Hosseini, 1372).On the other hand, plant growth itself is a set of special biochemical and physiological processes that have mutual effects on each other and are affected by all environmental and genetic factors (Pour Najaf, 2015). Cereals have drawn the public's attention to the consumption of legumes as an important source of providing protein needed by humans (Pour Najaf, 2015). Legumes are the second most important source of human food after cereals. Legumes are edible dry seeds that belong to the legume family. Ripe and dry seeds of legumes have high nutritional value and good storage capacity, and are one of the most important food sources rich in protein. According to studies, a suitable combination of protein from legumes and grains can solve malnutrition and amino acid deficiency. On the other hand, due to the ability of these plants to fix nitrogen, placing them in rotation helps the stability of agricultural systems (Bagheri et al., 1376). In order for the geneticist to be able to improve superior genotypes through conventional methods of plant breeding or using biotechnology, it is necessary to have a correct understanding of the genetic basis of drought resistance. Genetically, drought resistance mechanisms can be divided into three categories, which are drought escape, drought avoidance, and drought tolerance (Mitra, 2001). However, crops usually use more than one mechanism to withstand drought. Drought avoidance is the ability of a plant to complete its life cycle before developing water stress in the soil and plant. This mechanism includes rapid phenological development (early flowering and early ripening), developmental flexibility (variation during the growth period depending on the severity of water deficit stress) and transfer of our photosynthetic products to seeds before flowering. 

    Avoidance of drought is the ability of the plant to maintain a relatively high water potential in the tissues despite the lack of moisture in the soil. Drought tolerance is the plant's ability to cope with water shortage by lowering the water potential of the tissues. Avoiding drought is realized through the mechanisms of improving water absorption, water storage in plant cells and reducing water loss. The reaction of plants against the stress of water shortage determines their drought tolerance. For example, some sugar beet genotypes that have deeper roots are able to absorb more water and wither later, and in dry conditions, genetic variation has been observed for wilting rate, leaf growth rate, osmotic regulation and stomatal conductance in different sugar beet varieties (Norouzi, 2013).  

    Avoidance of drought is done by two methods: 1) preserving the roots by increasing root depth, efficient root system and increasing hydraulic conductivity, 2) reducing water loss by reducing epidermal conductivity (perforate and lens), reducing light absorption through tubularization or folding of leaves, and reducing leaf surface to lower the rate of evaporation (Basra, 1997). Under drought stress conditions, plants survive by balancing moisture retention and reducing water loss. The mechanisms of drought tolerance include the preservation of water through osmotic regulation (a process that causes the accumulation of soluble substances in the cell), increasing cell extensibility, reducing cell size, and tolerance to water stretching through protoplasmic resistance (Nowrozi, 2013). 

    In the intensive farming system, organic materials are quickly depleted of soil nutrients. For this reason, in order to achieve the desired performance, it is necessary to replace the nutrients. Long-term studies have shown that the excessive use of chemical fertilizers reduces the performance of agricultural plants. This reduction in yield is the result of soil siltation, reduction of soil biological activity, loss of soil physical properties, and the absence of micronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers (Adiran et al., 2004; Sabahi, 2006). According to many researchers, the use of biological fertilizers is one of the suitable options that can guarantee soil fertility and ultimately increase the yield of plants without destroying the environment. In the world, there are many studies in the field of compensating nitrogen deficiency in ways other than the use of chemical fertilizers; It has been done like impregnating seeds with microorganisms such as Azotobacter (Fasihi et al., 2015).

  • Contents & References of The effect of using salicylic acid and biofertilizers on the yield and yield components of chickpea under supplementary irrigation conditions

    List:

    Abstract. 1.

    Chapter One: General Research

    1-1- Introduction. 3

    1-2 statement of the problem. 4

    1-3 Importance and necessity of research. 7

    1-4 research objectives. 9

    1-5 research assumptions. 10

    Chapter Two: Review and Research Background

    2-1 History. 12

    22 economic importance of peas. 13

    2-3 Botanical characteristics of peas. 15

    2-4 The morphology of peas. 15

    2-4-1 root. 16

    2-4-2 stems. 16

    2-4-3 leaves. 17

    2-4-4 goals. 18

    2-5 growth and development. 18

    2-5-1 germination and seedling establishment. 19

    2-5-2 Growth and development of leaf surface. 20

    2-5-3 accumulation of dry matter and its distribution. 21

    2-5-4 flowering. 22

    2-5-5 seed development. 22

    2-6 drought stress. 23

    2-6-1 Drought stress and its types. 23

    2-6-2 How to perceive dryness by plants. 24

    2-6-3 Mechanisms of resistance to drought stress. 25

    2-6-3-1 Drought stress and different stages of plant growth. 28

    2-6-3-1-1 drought stress in the germination stage. 28

     

    2-6-3-1-3 drought stress in reproductive growth stage. 29

    2-7 Effect of drought stress on plants. 32

    2-8 Definition of salicylic acid. 35

    2-8-1 salicylic acid as a regulator. 35

    2-8-3 The role of salicylic acid in tension. 35

    2-8-4 The role of salicylic acid in plant physiology and changes 36

    2-8-5 Investigating the effect of salicylic acid on the growth characteristics of plants 36

    2-9 - Investigating the effect of growth-stimulating bacteria on the growth characteristics of plants 41

    2-10 - The effect of azotobacter on the performance and performance components of agricultural plants 41

    2-11- The effect of Pseudomonas on the performance and performance components of agricultural plants 44

    2-11- Combined effects of growth-promoting bacteria on the performance and performance components of agricultural plants. 46

    Chapter 3: Research implementation method

    3-1 Test location. 50

    3-2 soil test. 50

    3-3 Specifications of the test plan. 50

    3-4 agricultural operations. 51

    3-5 Sampling. 51

    3-6 Data analysis. 52

    Chapter Four: Data Analysis

    4-1- Plant height. 54

    4-2- The number of side branches. 56

    4-3 Length of flowering period. 57

    4-4 The length of the grain filling period. 58

    4-5 days until processing. 58

    4-6 number of pods per plant. 59

    4-7 number of seeds per plant. 60

    4-8 weight of one hundred grains. 61

    4-9 Seed yield. 62

    4-10 biological function. 67

    4-11 harvest index. 71

    4-12 grain protein. 71

     

     

    Chapter Five: Conclusions and Suggestions

    5-1 Discussion. 76

    5-2 Conclusion. 93

    5-3 suggestions. 94

    Resources. 95

    English abstract. 117

    Cover design in English.

    Source:

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The effect of using salicylic acid and biofertilizers on the yield and yield components of chickpea under supplementary irrigation conditions
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