The effect of biofertilizers on the quantitative and qualitative yield of Thymus vulgaris (Thymus vulgaris L) in greenhouse conditions.

Master's Thesis

Department of Agriculture (M.Sc)

Abstract

In order to investigate the effect of biofertilizers on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of garden thyme in the crop year 1391-1390 experimentally in a greenhouse in an area of Semnan was performed. This experiment was carried out using a 3x3 factorial based on a randomized complete block design in 3 replications.

Biofertilizers include: two species of Glomos fasiculatum; Glomos mossea and two species of bacteria Psodomonas patida; Azetobacter corococcum.

Treatments include: two species of Glomos fasiculatum; Glomos mossea and no The use of fungus and two species of bacteria, Psodomonas patida, Azetobacter corococcum, and the absence of bacteria.

The results of this study showed that the studied traits including: root fresh and dry weight, root length, root surface, protein, sugar, flavonoid 300, nitrogen, phosphorus, copper, zinc, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and anthocyanin were affected by biofertilizers. became significant. And only traits such as: fresh and dry weight of shoot, leaf green surface index, phenol, flavonoid 270 and 330, potash, calcium and carotenoid did not show any significant difference under the influence of biofertilizers. In the study of the effect of biofertilizers on the quantitative traits studied, it was observed that traits such as: fresh and dry weight of roots and root length were most affected by biofertilizers, and the effect of biofertilizers on qualitative traits under study such as: protein, Flavonoid 300, nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc, chlorophyll a and b, and total, as well as anthocyanin, relative to the rest of the qualitative traits were observed to be significant, which showed the highest amount under the influence of biofertilizers. Glomos mossea, Psodomonas patida bacteria, Azetobacter corococcum. General

1-1-Introduction

Garden thyme with the English name Garden thyme and the scientific name Thymus vulgaris belongs to the mint family[1] and is a perennial woody plant (Hornok[2], 1992). This plant has been officially introduced as a medicinal plant since the 16th century, and in all authentic pharmacopoeias, thyme shoots are mentioned as medicine and its therapeutic properties are emphasized (Rosegarten[3], 1969). rtl;"> It also has antioxidant and protective properties due to the presence of phenolic compounds. The most important compounds in the essential oil of this plant include thymol, carvacrol, paracimen, and linalool (Nagdibadi [5], 2004).

According to the wide applications of garden thyme in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and health industries, it is necessary to conduct experiments to increase the quality of the plant's performance and the percentage of essential oil. Today, the use of rhizobial biological fertilizers in agricultural production to increase leguminous plants has gained many fans due to its economic benefits and environmental health. What is important in the production of these rhizobial inoculants is to introduce rhizobial strains that can firstly occupy a major part of the root nodules and secondly perform biological nitrogen fixation with high efficiency. If this goal is achieved, it will be possible to increase the yield of leguminous plants, which is one of the most important results of using this type of fertilizers (Asgharzad, 2010).

1-2- A brief look at the use of medicinal plants in Iran and the world

The general tendency to use herbal medicines and natural products in general has been increasing in the world, especially in recent years. The most important causes of this trend can be considered the effects of chemical drugs on one hand and the creation of environmental pollution on the other hand.. In Iran, which is one of the seven Asian countries that have the most medicinal plants, this trend has existed, and in the past three decades, we have seen the growing trend of people using these herbal medicines and reviving traditional medicine. According to the statistics available in our country, there are more than 130 types of herbal medicines and their main origin is plants. Since a year ago, the position of herbal medicines in the country has become more systematic with scientific-specialized developments. The establishment of the headquarters of medicinal plants and Iranian medicine, the establishment of the faculty of traditional medicine, the establishment of clinics and research centers and the specialized training of a group of doctors and pharmacists is a symbol of evolution and systematicity in relation to the status of traditional Iranian medicine and herbal medicine treatment. Today, it is estimated that there are 75,000 medicinal plants around the world, and so far 5,000 herbal medicines are manufactured and marketed by the world's pharmaceutical industry. This part of natural resources is as old as humans and has been one of the most important sources of human food and medicine supply for generations. According to estimates, there are currently 750,000 flowering or seed-bearing plants on earth, and 300,000 plants have been identified in the world so far (Omid Beigi, 1379). The ancient knowledge of medicinal plants goes back to the Ancient Testament and to the time of Aristotle. Aristotle (330 BC) was the first person who wrote works and written materials related to medicinal plants. Of course, before him, in the works of ancient Egypt (around 26th century BC), there are materials about medicinal plants with a specific description of their uses. Theophrastus was a student of Aristotle in the years 258-380 BC. He was a physician and in addition, he followed the philosophy of his teacher Aristotle. He was also influenced by the ideas of Plato, Aristotle's teacher. After Theophrastus, we should mention Hippocrates, the greatest physician of the ancient world and a contemporary of Theophrastus, whose continuation of his school later led to the Jaliosi school of medicine (Kaherman, 1383).

In the first century AD, a collection of 600 medicinal plants was written by Dioscorides, with the mention of the therapeutic properties of each, which was the beginning of many scientific studies in the field of medicinal plants. During the 8th to 10th centuries AD, Iranian scientists such as Bo Ali Sina and Mohammad Zakariya Razi gave a great boost to the knowledge of "herbal treatment" and authored famous books such as "Qanun" and "Al-Hawi". In the 13th century AD, Ibn Bitar described the properties of more than 1400 medicinal plants in his book after much research on the properties of medicinal plants. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Europeans made significant progress in the field of herbal medicine, and in the 19th century, an all-out effort was made to extract effective substances from medicinal plants and determine the appropriate criteria for prescribing them (Omid Begi, 2014). At the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, scientific research on medicinal plants expanded, and at the same time, many herbal pharmacopoeias[1] published the results of these researches, and medicinal plants were used as important medicinal agents with a scientific basis (Cracker and Gardner[1], 2006). It is important in the field of preparation of various medicines, whether independently, such as using them in the form of medicinal products.

The use of herbal medicines in traditional medicine is different and separate from current medicine and the way of processing plants in traditional medicine is similar to current medicine, but these two can be combined (Omid Begi, 1379).

1-2-3-Using herbal medicines in Iran and the world

More than 60% of people in Germany and Belgium and 74% of people in England tend to use natural herbal remedies. Also, according to the statistics of the World Health Organization, more than 80% of the world's people, especially in developing countries and poor and remote areas, get their main medical needs from medicinal plants. It is noteworthy that China, as the most populous country in the world, has been the largest exporter of herbal medicine in the world in the last two decades and holds the first place. On the other hand, it has been reported that more than 80% of Chinese people's health depends on traditional herbal medicine.