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  3. The effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and amount of essential oil of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L)

The effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and amount of essential oil of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L)

Number of pages: 116 File Format: word File Code: 32390
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Chamomile - Effect of drought stress - Factorial - German chamomile essential oil - Medicinal plants - Nitrogen fertilizer - stem height - The weight of a thousand grains
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  • Summary of The effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and amount of essential oil of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L)

    Dissertation for Master's degree (M.Sc.)

    Tension: Agriculture

    Effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and essential oil content of German chamomile

    Abstract

    The purpose of conducting the experiment is to obtain the effect of drought stress and different levels of nitrogen on the yield and amount of essential oil of chamomile plant, which considering that no such research has been done in this region and neighboring regions, so this research is important from this aspect. The experiment was carried out in factorial form, in the form of a completely random design in the crop year of 2012 in Yasuj region with 3 repetitions, and the experimental treatments included nitrogen fertilizer at 3 levels (0, 50 and 100 kg/ha) and drought stress at 4 levels ((control) 0, 1-bar, 3-bar, 4-bar). The evaluated traits included stem height, number of flowers per square meter, flower yield, biological yield, harvest index, 1000 seed weight and growth rate. The results showed that the effect of different levels of drought stress on economic yield, biological yield, number of flowers per square meter, weight of 1000 seeds and stem height was significant at the 1% probability level, and it was significant on the harvest index at the 5% probability level, and it was not significant on the growth rate. The highest economic yield in N2S0 treatment (absence of drought stress and consumption of 100 kg/ha of nitrogen) was 293.7 kg/ha and the lowest economic yield was obtained in N0S3 treatment (application of drought stress at -4 bar level and no nitrogen consumption) in the amount of 108.3 kg/ha. The highest amount of 1000 seed weight in N2S0 treatment (absence of drought stress and consumption of 100 kg/ha of nitrogen) was obtained at the rate of 7.96. The highest amount of stem height in N1S0 treatment (absence of drought stress and consumption of 50 kg/ha of nitrogen) was 33.5 cm and the highest percentage of plant essential oil in N2S0 treatment was 0.7. Considering that the highest yield of the studied traits was obtained in the treatment of not applying drought stress and using 100 kg/ha of nitrogen, therefore this treatment is recommended to farmers and experts.

    Key words: factorial, thousand seed weight, stem height, flower yield, chamomile, yasuj

    Chapter First

    Research overview

    - Introduction

    Given the importance of medicinal plants in ensuring the health of society and creating diversity of cultivation in agricultural systems, research related to the identification and introduction of cultivable species is one of the tasks of researchers, especially in areas with critical climatic conditions, which can provide the basis for the preparation of herbal medicines Chamomile is recognized as an important medicinal plant in all the world's authoritative pharmacopoeias (dictionaries) from the natural and primary materials, and due to its increasing use in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and health industries, perfumery and preparation of food seasonings, it is of great importance to the extent that it has been called the star of medicinal plants (Balaz and Tirnad [1], 1998). The annual consumption of chamomile in the world is more than four thousand tons of dried flowers, which are mainly supplied from Hungary, Russia, Argentina, Germany, Czech Republic, Finland, Egypt and in recent years from India (Balaz and Tirnad, 1998). Each of these stresses can have different effects on their growth, metabolism and performance, depending on the level of sensitivity and growth stage of the plant species.

    Drought is one of the most important environmental factors reducing the growth and performance of many agricultural, horticultural and medicinal plants, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of the world (Heidari et al. [2], 2006). During drought stress, plants try to cope with the stress by storing osmotic regulators such as amino acids, sugars, some mineral ions, hormones and proteins. Among organic compounds, proline is considered one of the most important osmotic regulators (Reddy et al. [3], 2004).

    The tendency to produce medicinal and aromatic plants and the demand for natural products, especially in the conditions of ecological cultivation, is increasing in the world.. Ecological cultivation of medicinal plants guarantees their quality and reduces the possibility of negative effects on their medicinal quality and performance. The study shows that the production of effective substances in medicinal plants is influenced by genotype and environmental factors. (Emami et al. 2013, Fulster [4] 1991)

    The importance of medicinal plants and the importance of modern herbal therapy has encouraged many farmers to cultivate medicinal plants, and the increase in market demand has caused them to turn to the production of medicinal plants and dedicate scattered pieces of their land that have been left barren due to their size, shape and unfitness for cultivating other crops (Haj Seyed Hadi) and colleagues 1382).

    Cultivation and production of medicinal plants without the use of chemical inputs guarantees the health of their products. Studies conducted on medicinal plants in natural and agricultural ecosystems acknowledge that the use of a sustainable agricultural system provides the best conditions for the production of these plants and the maximum quantitative and qualitative yield is achieved in such conditions (Akbarnia, 1382 and Sharifi Ashourabadi 1381 Dagaro Tomar[5] and 2002).

    Chamomile with the scientific name (Matricaria) spp) are one-year herbaceous plants with a height of 10-70 cm and with erect, branched stems from the chicory family (Asteraeae) (Omidbeigi 2019). Chamomile is one of the most important medicinal plants in the world known by humans (Jamshidi 1379). The adaptability of this plant to all kinds of soils is high and it can grow in non-fertile alkaline and stony soils. The main use of chamomile in the pharmaceutical industry is cosmetics. Chamomile extract has many therapeutic properties, including anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-spasm, and antiseptic properties, due to its alpha-bisabolol[6], trans-farnesol, cis-beta-phomesene[7], and antiseptic properties, and is used in the treatment of stomach and intestinal disorders, and also the extract of this plant is effective in calming the nervous system and reducing seizures; And it is used in the preparation of compresses and natural shining of hair (Omid Begi 1379).

    1-2- Hypotheses

    1- Dry stress has a significant reduction in the yield and amount of German chamomile essential oil.

    2- Application Nitrogen fertilizer increases the yield and percentage of German chamomile essential oil in different moisture conditions.

    3- Simultaneous application of nitrogen and lack of drought stress causes chamomile plant performance.

    1-3- Research objectives:

    1- Investigating the effect of drought stress on yield and amount German chamomile essential oil.

    2- Determining the most suitable treatment for drought stress to achieve the maximum yield and amount of German chamomile essential oil.

    3- Determining the most appropriate nitrogen fertilizer treatment in drought stress conditions (reciprocal effect) to achieve maximum yield and amount of German chamomile essential oil.

    1-4- Chamomile Botany

    The chamomile plant is called by the scientific name Matricaria chamomilla in English - and German chamomilla, Common chamomile.

    What is called chamomile in Persian actually includes 3 plant genera including Matricaria sp, chrysanthemum sp, Anthemis sp, each genus has different species. is among which we can mention A. nobilis (syn: chamamelum nobiliel), which is also called Roman chamomile, cow chamomile or cow's eye chamomile in Persian.

    M. awea species, which is called cow chamomile and European chamomile in Persian and golden cotula in English, is a one-year herbaceous plant with erect stems full of branches and leaves. The leaves are without petioles and alternate, its buds appear separately at the top of the stem and branches (Zaman, 1370).

    Their color is yellow-green and has a hollow cone-shaped mace without side and round flowers. Its fruit is hazelnut and the whole plant is fragrant. This plant is native to North America and East Asia.

  • Contents & References of The effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and amount of essential oil of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L)

    List:

    Abstract ..1

    Chapter One: General Research

    1-1- Introduction. 3

    1-2- Hypotheses 5

    1-3- Research objectives: 6

    1-4- Chamomile botany: 6

    1-5- Chamomile plant origin. 9

    1-6- Stages of growth and development: 9

    1-7- Uses and medicinal properties of chamomile: 10

    1-8- Steps of planting chamomile: 12

    1-9- Harvesting chamomile: 13

    1-10- Drying and collecting chamomile seeds: 13

    1-11- Chemical fertilizers: 13

    Chapter Two: An overview of the conducted research

    2-1- Tension and its definitions. 18

    2-2- The importance of studying plant stresses in terms of geographical and environmental location. 18

    2-3- Land and its global situation. 19

    2-4- types of land. 21

    2-5- The effect of water stress in different stages of growth. 21

    2-6- The effect of drought stress on germination and seedling growth. 22

    2-7- The effect of drought stress on yield and its components. 23

    2-8- The effect of drought stress on the development of roots 23

    2-9- Mechanisms of adaptation of plants to drought. 24

    2-9-1- Drought resistance. 24

    2-9-2- Escape from land. 24

    2-9-3- drought tolerance. 24

    2-9-4- Avoiding dryness. 25

    2-9-5- recovery from dryness. 25

    2-10- How plants deal with drought stress in the field. 26

    2-10-1- maintaining the correct water balance: 27

    2-10-2- stomatal closure, economical storage of water for carbon assimilation. 27

    2-11- Avoidance mechanisms. 28

    2-11-3- Size and abundance of apertures 29

    2-11-4- Accumulation of abscisic acid. 29

    2-11-5- The thickness of the cuticle and the wax layer on the leaf. 30

    2-12- Drought tolerance mechanisms. 31

    2-12-1- Setting the osmotic pressure. 31

    2-12-2- accumulation of proline. 32

    2-12-3- Movement of growing materials 32

    2-13- Selection for drought resistance. 33

    2-14- The role of nitrogen in plants. 39

     

    Chapter three: materials and methods

    3- Materials and methods 47

    3-1- Geographical location of the test site: 48

    3-2- Physical and chemical properties of the soil: 48

    3-3- Specifications of the test plan: 50

    3-4- Procedures of the test: 51

    5-3- Assessed attributes. 52

    3-6-1- The height of the plant. 52

    3-6-2- the number of secondary stems. 53

    3-6-3- the number of flowers in the bush. 53

    3-6-4- flower diameter. 53

    3-6-5- Weight of flower or petal (wet and dry) 53

    3-6-6- Weight (wet and dry) of root. 54

    3-6-7- Stem weight (wet and dry) 54

    3-6-8- Growth speed. 54

    3-9- Statistical calculation and software used in the plan. 57

    Chapter Four: Results and discussion

    4-1- Results and discussion. 59

    4-2- Economic performance (kilograms per hectare) 64

    4-3- Biological performance (kilograms per hectare) 66

    4-4- Harvest index (percentage) 69

    4-5- Number of flowers per square meter. 71

    4-6- Weight of thousand seeds (grams) 74

    4-7- Stem height (cm) 76

    4-8- Growth speed. 79

    4-9% essential oil. 81

    4-10- Discussion and conclusion. 84

    Discussion. 85

    4-11-Suggestions: 87

    Resources. 88

     

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    Omidbeigi, R. 1387, "Cultivation of Medicinal Plants", Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University.

    Omidbeigi, R.M., Tabatabai. T, Akbari. 1379, Effect of different amounts of phosphorus and irrigation on fertility (growth, seed yield, effective substances) of oilseed flax, Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. Volume (32) Number 1: pp. 53-64.

    Irannejad, h. Rasam, Q, A. 2013. Investigating the effect of different amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus on the yield and amount of essential oil of anise plant. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. No. 9. pp. 93-101.

    Barzoi, A. Khazaei, H.M. Shahriari, F. A. 1384. The effect of drought stress after pollination on the physiological characteristics and the amount of antioxidants in different varieties of wheat (Triticu' aestivum L) under greenhouse conditions. Summary of papers of the 9th Congress of Agriculture. 2018. Nutrition of agricultural plants. Islamic Azad University, Yasouj branch. P. 21 to 24

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    Jamshidi, K. 1379, Investigating the effect of planting line distance and plant density on quantitative aspects of chamomile medicinal plants, Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Volume 36. Number 1: pp. 209-203.

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    Khajepour, M. 2016. Principles and basics of agriculture. Isfahan University Jihad Publications. pp. 182 to 200.

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    Alizadeh, A.

The effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and amount of essential oil of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L)
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