The effect of substrate types and planting date on the growth, yield and yield components of basil (Ocimum basilicum. L.) seeds

Number of pages: 75 File Format: word File Code: 32388
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
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  • Summary of The effect of substrate types and planting date on the growth, yield and yield components of basil (Ocimum basilicum. L.) seeds

    Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree (M.Sc)

    Field: plant production (horticultural product production trend)

    Dissertation title: The effect of substrate types and planting date on the growth, yield and yield components of basil (Ocimum basilicum.L) seeds

    In order to study the effect of substrate types and planting date on basil seed yield during 1992-1991, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of randomized complete blocks with two substrate factors at four levels (vermicompost, perlite + cocopeat, potting soil mixture and control or control) and planting date at two levels (April 27 and May 18) with 4 replications in Kalala city. became. When 80% of the plants flowered, the number of 5 competing plants from each treatment was randomly selected after removing the margin effect in the remaining area of ??each plot, and vegetative traits including plant height, distance between nodes, number of nodes per plant, number of sub-branches, leaf area, leaf area index and total leaf weight per plant were determined with a sensitive scale. Then the harvested plants were placed in the dark at a temperature of 25°C and then traits such as dry weight were measured. After removal of the margin and drying of the upper third of the plants and complete ripening of the seeds, the number of 10 competing plants from each treatment was collected. At this time, the measurable variables included the length of the inflorescence, the number of inflorescences, the number of seeds per plant, the weight of 1000 seeds, the yield of seeds per hectare, and after cleaning and passing the seeds through a sieve, their weight was measured with a sensitive scale. The results showed that the addition of vermicompost (7 tons per hectare) to the soil caused the highest plant height (150.18 cm), the number of inflorescences per plant (13.22), the length of inflorescences per plant (31.47), the number of flower cycles per inflorescence (17.02), the total number of flower cycles per plant (225.4), the weight of seeds per plant (9.36 grams), the number of seeds per plant. (4517.25), thousand seed weight (2.07 grams), biological yield (4902.36 kg/ha), harvest index (15.28), seed yield per hectare (749.46 kg/ha) were related to the first planting date. This study showed that the treatments containing organic and mineral fertilizers had better effects on the vegetative traits, yield and yield components of basil compared to the control and also the first planting date (April 27) compared to the second planting date (May 18). The results of this research can be used to increase the yield of basil seeds as well as the seed production program.

    Key words: green basil, planting medium, planting date, seeds, yield

    Introduction

    Basil medicinal plant (Ocimum basilicum.L), is an annual and essential plant that is propagated by seeds. and in addition to medicinal uses, it is also used as a vegetable. Vegetative growth and seed yield in plants are affected by many factors, one of which is the type of cultivation environment. Today, there are many substances of organic and mineral origin that can be added to the cultivation environment, and these substances affect the pH of the soil, the amount of mineral elements available to the plant, the amount of moisture retention in the soil, the pattern and the rate of root growth in the cultivation environment, etc. They play an important role in performance (Rahmati et al., 2007).

    Deciding on the optimal planting time of a crop plant is very important and one of the important factors to reach the maximum potential yield in plants. The influence of environmental factors on the physiological stages of the plant causes the date of planting to differ from one region to another and even within the same region depending on the genetic differences between cultivars (Hadley et al., 1983; Sandhu, 1984). Choosing the right planting date is important due to the necessity of maximum use of natural resources during the growing season. The delay in planting also has adverse effects on the growth and development of plants due to the shortening of the plant growth period and the possibility of encountering the flowering time with high temperatures (Baros et al., 2004).

    Interest in the production of medicinal and aromatic plants and the demand for natural products is continuously increasing in the world (Karuba et al., 2002). In such a way that the 20th century has been called the century of returning to nature and the century of using herbal medicines (Golshadi et al., 1381).

    1-2- Botany of mint

    Basil plant is from the mint family Labiatae- Lamiaceae. This family consists of about 200 genera and 3000 species, all of which are common. The plants of this family are classified in 8 subfamilies. The important genera of each subfamily are:

    Subfamily Ajugoidea: genera Tocrium (300 species) and Ajugo (40 species).

    Subfamily Prostandroidea: genus Prostandra (50 species).

    Subfamily Prasioidea: genus Gomphostema (40 species).

    Subfamily Scotlariode: genus Ecotlaria (300 species).

    Subfamily Lavan Domiodea: genus Lavandula (28 species).

    Subfamily Lamioidea: genera Salvia (700 species), Thymus (400-300 species), Stachys (300 species), Lamium (50 species) and Menta (25 species).

    Echimoidea subfamily: Hyptis (400 species) and Ekimum (150 species) genera.

    Catoprioidea subfamily: Catopheria genus (3 species). 

        45 genera with more than 345 species of this family are distributed in Iran, the most abundant genera are Nepta with 65 species, Salvia with 56 species, Stachys with 35 species, Scutellaria with 19 species, Phlomys with 17 species, Ermostachys with 15 species, Thymos with 14 species, Tiocrium with He named 12 species, Saturja with 11 species and Marobium with 10 species, Lamium, Hymenoclater, Zizyphora, Origanum and Menta (Bakhshi Khaniki, 2006). (Zysiphora), Mirza (Saturja) and Basil (Akimum). Lemon balm (Melsa officinalis) and marjoram (Origanum vulgare) and several other species are considered medicinal plants. Several species of Coleus (Hasan Yusuf), Salvia (Sage), Rosmarinus (Rosemary), Lavandula (Lavender) and . They are planted as ornamental plants. The last two genera are also used in perfumery (Bakhshi Khaniki, 2006).

        The plants of this family are often herbaceous or bush-shaped shrubs, rarely small trees and usually have quadrangular stems. The members of this family are mostly covered with hairs and secretory glands that contain aromatic substances. The leaves are usually simple and do not have earrings and are opposite. The flowers are irregular and located on inflorescences or complex spikes called whorls. Leaf-like bracts and bracteoles are usually small or sometimes without bracteoles. The flowers are bisexual (sometimes the male organs are reduced or sterile, and actually the flowers are female) and have a calyx composed of 5 sepals connected to each other, which is trumpet or bell-shaped and sometimes has two edges. The petals are also 5 in number and connected to each other and the flower cup is labdisi. There are 4 stamens, rarely 2, and they are connected to the cup or tube of the flower and have equal or unequal stamens. In some species, the base of the flagellum has become a lever and is connected to the connector of the anthers, which has grown and lengthened a lot. This mode facilitates the pollination of flowers by insects. The pistil is composed of 2 carpels connected to each other, which has a total of four houses and each house contains a basal ovule. The house is usually simple and attached to the base of the ovary and has a stigma that is often bifurcated. The fruit is composed of 4 hazelnuts, each of which contains 1 seed. The seeds have little or no endosperm (Bakhshi Khaniki, 2016). Mucilage is common in some seeds, such as nuts and single-seeded fruits, which can be observed in the families of cruciferous, mint, citrus, and barhang (Zahri, 1962; Jafari, 2013). There are many applications of mucilage (Fan and Worker, 1972; Jafari, 2013). When the diaspore gets wet after being released, it sticks to the soil and the sticky diaspore does not go far and inappropriately with the wind or rain. Diaspores may attach to animals and then disperse. Mucilage reduces the specific gravity of diaspores in water. Mucilage plays a role in the regulation of germination by stopping seed germination during drought or waterlogging when the seed is completely covered with mucilage.

  • Contents & References of The effect of substrate types and planting date on the growth, yield and yield components of basil (Ocimum basilicum. L.) seeds

    List:

    Chapter 1 - General introduction

    1- 1- Introduction. 2

    1- 2- Botany dark mint. 2

    1- 3- The history of basil cultivation. 4

    1- 4- Introduction and importance of basil. 4

    1- 5- Medicinal properties of basil. 5

    1- 6- climate and soil requirements for basil seed production. 8

    1-7- Direct or sexual reproduction. 9

    1-8- Flowering in basil plant. 9

    1-9- Pollination in basil. 9

    1-10- production and consumption of basil products. 10

    1-11- Seeds 11

    1-12- Physical and chemical characteristics of basil seeds. 12

    1-13- Vermicompost 12

    1-14- Perlite. 14

    1-15- Cocopit. 15

    1-16- Paddy rice 16

    1-17- Research objectives. 16

    1-18- research hypotheses. 16

    Chapter Two - Sources

    Checking research sources..18

    Chapter Three - Materials and Methods

    3-1- Location and time of project implementation. 25

    3-2- Design specifications. 25

    3-3- The steps of doing the work 25

    3-3-1- Soil sampling. 26

    3-3-2- Preparation of planting bed. 26

    3-3-3- Green time. 27

    3-3-4- Irrigation operation. 27

    3-3-5- Thinning operation. 27

    3-3-6- The method of combating weeds, pests and diseases 27

    3-4- Measurement of growth characteristics and yield components of green basil plant seeds. 28

    3-4- 1- The method of measuring plant height at the 80% flowering stage. 29

    3-4-2- The method of measuring the number of main branches, the number of flowering sub-branches and the number of sub-flowering sub-branches in each plant at the 80% flowering stage. The 80% flowering stage. 29

    3-4-5- The method of measuring the fresh weight of leaves at the 80% flowering stage. 30

    6-3-4- The method of measuring the dry weight of roots, the dry weight of leaves at the time of 80% flowering and the dry weight of aerial organs at the time of harvesting. 30

    3-4-7- The measurement of leaf area and the leaf area index at the 80% flowering stage.

    3-4-8- Harvest stage..31

    3-4-9- The method of measuring the fresh weight of aerial organs at the time of harvest.31

    3-4-10- The method of measuring the number of inflorescences in a plant, the number of flower cycles in an inflorescence and the total number of cycles in a plant at the harvest stage.

    3-4-11- The method of measuring the length of inflorescences in a plant.31

    3-4-12- Seed collection and determination of seed weight per plant.32

    3-4-13- Weight of thousand seeds.32

    3-4-14- Counting the total number of seeds per plant.32

    3-4-15- Average total number of seeds per cycle.32

    3-4-16- Number of seeds per flower 32

    3-4-17- Seed weight per inflorescence. 33

    3-4-18- Biological performance. 33

    3-4-19- Harvest index. 33

    3-4-20- Seed yield per hectare. 33

    3-4-21- Data analysis. 34

    Chapter Four - Results and discussion

    4-1- The effect of types of planting media and planting date on the growth characteristics of green basil at the time of 80% flowering. 42

    4-1-1- The effect of types of planting media and planting date on plant height. 42

    4-1-2- The effect of types of planting media and planting date on the number of flowering sub-branches in the plant and the number of flowering sub-branches in Bush. 43

    4-1-3- The effect of types of planting medium and date of planting on the number of nodes, internodes and length between nodes. 45

    4-1-4- Effect of types of planting medium and date of planting on leaf area (LA) and leaf area index (LAI). 47

    4-1-5- Effect of types of planting medium and date of planting on root length, fresh and dry weight of roots. 48

    4-1-6- The effect of the types of planting medium and the date of planting on the fresh and dry weight of the whole leaf in the plant. 4-2- The effect of the types of planting medium and the date of planting on the characteristics and components of seed yield in green basil at the time of harvest.

    4-2-2- The effect of types of planting media and planting date on the weight of seeds per plant, number of seeds per plant, weight of seeds in an inflorescence and number of seeds in an inflorescence. 55

    4-2-3- The effect of types of planting media and date of planting on the number of seeds in each flower cycle. 57

    4-2-4- The effect of types of planting media and date of planting on the weight of one thousand seeds. 58

    4-2-5- The effect of types of planting bed and planting date on wet weight of aerial organs and dry weight of aerial organs..59

    4-2-6-59

    4-2-6- The effect of types of planting media and planting date on biological performance. 61

    4-2-7- The effect of types of planting media and planting date on the harvest index. 62

    4-2-8- The effect of types of planting media and planting date on seed yield per hectare. 63

    4-3- Correlation coefficients between time measured variables 80% flowering of green basil plant. 64

    4-4- Correlation coefficients between the variables measured at the time of harvest of green basil plant. 66

    4-5- General conclusion. 69

    4-6- Suggestions. 70

    Resources List

    Page Title

    Persian Resources .73

    English Resources .79

     

     

     

    List of tables

    Title                                                                                                                                                                                   Page

    Table 4-1- Comparison of the average of different traits in the type of substrate and planting date in the green basil plant at the time of 80% flowering. 36

    Table 4-2- Comparison of the average of different traits in the types of substrate and planting date in the green basil plant at the time of harvest. 39

    Table 4-3- Correlation coefficients between the measured variables at the time of 80% flowering of the basil plant. 65

    Table 4-4- Correlation coefficients between the measured variables of basil plant harvesting time. 68

    Title

    Figure 4-1- The interaction of the bedding and planting date on the altitude of the plant.

    Figure 4-2- The interaction effect of substrate types and planting date on the number of flowering sub-branches. 44

    Figure 4-3- The interaction effect of substrate types and planting date on the number of flowering sub-branches. 44

    Figure 4-4- The interaction effect of substrate types and planting date on the number of nodes. 45

    Figure 4-5- The interaction effect of substrate types and planting date on the number of internodes. 46

    Figure 6-4- The interaction effect of substrate types and planting date on internode length. 46

    Figure 4-7- The interaction effect of substrate types and planting date on leaf surface. 47

    Figure 4-8- The interaction effect of substrate types and planting date on leaf area index. 48

    Figure 4-9- The interaction effect of substrate types and planting date on root length. 49

    Figure 4-10- The interaction effect of substrate types and planting date on root fresh weight. 49

    Figure 4-11- The interaction effect of substrate types and planting date on root dry weight. 50

    Figure 4-12- The interaction effect of substrate types and planting date on the wet weight of whole leaves in a plant. 51

    Figure 4-13- The interaction effect of substrate types and planting date on the dry weight of whole leaves in a plant. 51

    Figure 4-14- The interaction effect of substrate types and planting date on the number of inflorescences in 52

    Figure 4-15- The interaction effect of substrate types and planting date on inflorescence length per plant. 53

    Figure 4-16- The interaction effect of substrate types and planting date on the number of cycles per inflorescence. 53

    Figure 4-17- The interaction effect of substrate types and planting date on the total number of cycles in each plant. 54

    Figure 4-18- The interaction effect of substrate types and planting date on total weight 55

    Figure 4-19- The interaction effect of substrate types and planting date on the total number of seeds per plant. 55

    Figure 4-20- The interaction effect of substrate types and planting date on seed weight in inflorescence. 56

    Figure 4-21- The interaction effect of substrate types and planting date on the number of seeds in inflorescence. 56

    Figure 4-22- The interaction effect of substrate types and planting date on the number of seeds in each cycle. 57

    Figure 23-4- Interaction effect of substrate types and planting date on the weight of one thousand seeds.

The effect of substrate types and planting date on the growth, yield and yield components of basil (Ocimum basilicum. L.) seeds