Effect of period and amount of seed preparation with pyridoxine on germination indices of bread wheat seeds

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree (M.Sc)

Agricultural Engineering - Agriculture specialization

Abstract

Wheat is one of the most important agricultural products that is cultivated at the highest level in Iran and the world, and its nutritional importance is clear to everyone. The food and economic importance of this product leads countries to strive for more production and self-sufficiency. In order to improve this crop in order to increase the power of establishment and production, it is necessary to know the indicators of germination in the germination stage. In the germination of the seeds of agricultural plants, the components of the germination speed, the final percentage of germination, the heterotrophic growth of the seedling are important. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to investigate the reaction of wheat seed germination components to different levels of pyridoxine and the duration of pyridoxine application. In order to perform this experiment, wheat seeds of Azar 2 and Omid cultivars were used. The seed samples were received from the Seed Breeding and Seedling Research Organization of Karaj city in the winter of 2010. Cultivation inside the germinator and experiments related to this research have been done in the Plant Physiology Laboratory of Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch. This experiment was carried out in a factorial petri dish in the form of a completely randomized design with three replications in laboratory conditions. The factors of this experiment included two cultivars Azar2 and Omid, pyridoxine with concentrations of zero or control, 0.02%, 0.04% and 0.06%, and the duration of pyridoxine application for zero or control was 8, 16 and 24 hours. The results obtained in this research showed that increasing the concentration of pyridoxine application and increasing the period of pyridoxine application increased the germination indices and decreased the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes. Also, these results showed that the cultivar Azar 2 had a better result compared to the cultivar Omid in terms of pyridoxine and the length of its application period. The results showed that the application of pyridoxine treatment of 0.04 and the duration of pyridoxine application for 24 hours caused the emergence of the highest amount of germination indicators, the lowest activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes. style="direction: rtl;"> 

Introduction

The population of the earth is continuously increasing. This population, which was only 2 billion people in 1930, exceeded 6 billion people in 2000, and is expected to reach 58 billion people in 2025. Most of the world's population lives in developing countries, and unfortunately, the majority of the population increase is related to these countries, which are currently struggling with the problem of hunger and malnutrition, so that 20% of the population of these countries are currently struggling with malnutrition. Wheat is the most important crop on earth. It is known that every day it is planted in one place of the earth and it is harvested in another place on the same day. This indicates the ability of this plant to adapt to different climates. In such a way that wheat is cultivated from Finland in the Northern Hemisphere to Argentina in the Southern Hemisphere. Globally, nearly 52 percent of the world's arable land (equivalent to 707 million hectares) is devoted to grain cultivation, of which nearly 232 million hectares are under wheat cultivation. The global production of grains in the first years of the third millennium was about 2000 million tons, of which about 600 million tons were wheat. The importance of grain is important even in human evolution and urbanization, wheat as a strategic product can colonize many countries. The importance of wheat is so much that many domineering countries have taken it as a tactic. Self-sufficiency in wheat production is extremely important for any country, there are few people in the world who claim that one of the wheat products does not have a place in their daily food basket and plays a role in human nutrition in various ways. Wheat is used in baking all kinds of breads, all kinds of cakes and pastries, all kinds of food, as well as livestock feed and industrial uses. The origin of wheat is considered to be West Asia (Syria, Palestine, Iran and India). Probably known 6700 years BC. Genetically, it is hexaploid and its number of chromosomes is n2=42. Most cultivated wheats are hexaploid and tetraploid.Wheat is a special plant in several ways: 1) It is probably the first plant to be domesticated, 15,000 to 20,000 years ago. 2) Its cultivated area is about 240 million hectares, which is far more than the cultivated area of ??other plants. Wheat occupies approximately 22% of the area under cereal cultivation. 3) Compared to other crops, wheat has the most calories and protein for human nutrition. 4) World wheat trade is more than the total trade of other grains. 5) Wheat bread gains a lot of volume due to the presence of elastic protein called gluten. 6) Due to the possibility of cultivation in different seasons of the year, as well as the ability to adapt to different climatic conditions, wheat has occupied a large area of ??irrigated and rainfed agriculture. Today, food is used as the most winning weapon in the world, and the question arises whether we can claim independence and not care about people's food. Providing areas for growth in the agricultural sector in order to achieve food security, self-sufficiency in basic products and the development of agricultural products export, protection of natural resources, is one of the important responsibilities of the agricultural sector and natural resources in achieving the goals of agriculture and sustainable agriculture, among which wheat is not only an important commercial product and commodity in the world, but also as a superior weapon in political and global relations, which is increasing day by day in its strategic importance. Annually, wheat occupies more than 50% of the cultivated land of the whole country. According to the available reports, in the crop year 1391-1390, the area under wheat cultivation in the country was 6.5 million hectares. Of this amount, 2.6 million hectares have been dedicated to irrigated wheat cultivation and 3.9 million hectares to dry wheat cultivation. Wheat is the first and most important crop plant in the world and it has 19.6% of the total food resources of the people of the world. Considering the strategic nature of wheat as the basic food of the country and the need to continue self-sufficiency in the production of this plant and the increasing need for more production of this product, it further shows the importance of increasing and diversifying the varieties available in the country, which will ultimately increase the production of farmers. According to various information and reports, the share of bread in providing energy is about 55%. One of the major problems in the path of quantitative production is the establishment of the planted seeds in the field, especially in dry areas. In the autumn rainfed wheat field, there is a direct relationship with the early sprouting of the crop and its establishment (Noor Mohammadi et al., 2015 and Harris et al., 1999). It is very necessary to plant seedlings on time to get used to the cold and to cultivate wheat varieties with suitable growth type for the cold region in order to increase crop production. In order to achieve maximum resistance to cold and also to provide enough energy for growth in spring, it is necessary to establish a healthy and strong plant in the field before the time of frost. If the wheat cultivars enter the winter with a developed crown, they can survive the winter without any risk. Due to the limitation of food resources and the increasing demand, vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) with a positive effect on the growth and germination of bread wheat seedlings can increase the production of healthy seedlings. Nutritional and economic importance of this crop leads countries to strive for producing more and self-sufficiency. In the stages of germination for improving this crop in order to increase Power establishment and production, Understanding indexes of germination is necessary. On crop seed germination components of germination, final germination percentage, growth of heterotrophic consistency is important. For this reason, this study was conducted to evaluate the reaction components of wheat seed germination to different levels of pyridoxine and the length period of use of pyridoxine. For doing this experiment, wheat seeds, Azar 2 and Omid were used. Seeds samples were received from seed and plant improvement institute of Karaj city in winter 1390.