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  3. The effect of applying different treatments on breaking dormancy and germination of weed seeds of wild oat and wild oat.

The effect of applying different treatments on breaking dormancy and germination of weed seeds of wild oat and wild oat.

Number of pages: 66 File Format: word File Code: 32364
Year: 2012 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Barhang - breaking sleep - Gibberellic acid - Sleep seeds - sprouting - weed - wild oats
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  • Summary of The effect of applying different treatments on breaking dormancy and germination of weed seeds of wild oat and wild oat.

    Dissertation for Master Degree in Agricultural Engineering - Agriculture (M.Sc)

    Abstract

    This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of different treatments on the dormancy of wild oat seeds in the form of a completely randomized design (CRD) in two phases, laboratory and greenhouse in 2011. The tested treatments included potassium nitrate with percentages of 0.6, 0.4, and 0.2 and gibberellic acid with doses of 1000, 750, 500, 250 (ppm) in addition to the control, which were tested separately on chickpea and oat plants in both stages. Before applying these treatments to all the seeds, removing the stem in oat was also done. The traits studied in this experiment included root length, stem length, seedling length, seedling dry weight, vigor index, root volume, germination percentage and germination speed. The results showed that Barhang medicinal plant was not able to germinate in any of the treatments. Based on the results obtained from the test of the mentioned treatments on the wild oat plant, it was observed that all the traits studied in the treatment with potassium nitrate and gibberellic acid had significant differences. The results of the average comparisons showed that in the treatment with potassium nitrate, the percentage of germination in the seeds treated with potassium nitrate is 0.6% more than other treatments. In the treatment with gibberellic acid, the germination percentage was observed in the seeds treated with gibberellic acid 750 (ppm). Also, plucking the stem in the wild oat plant did not have much effect on oat seed germination.

    Key words: seed dormancy, germination, wild oat, barhang

    Introduction

    In nature, there are plants that grow in their fields despite the desire of farmers and cause problems for crops. they do, these plants are called weeds (Hamiton 1995). These plants affect the performance of crops in different ways and even reduce the quality of crops. The damage caused by weeds is more than pests and diseases, so that in some temperate regions, the amount of damage is estimated between 10-15% of the crop (Warrington, 1930).

    In Iran, there are between 250 and 300 known types of weeds, and the number of these weeds in different parts of the country depends on the conditions and environment. The total damage caused by weeds in the world is more than five billion dollars. which is almost equivalent to the total damage caused by pests and diseases on agricultural and garden plants (Adeem, 2012) of the total damage caused by adverse factors in India in 1987, the share of weeds was about 45%, pests 30%, diseases 20% and adverse environmental factors 5%. Weeds can be expected to reduce the yield by 25-90%, and conversely, if correct control methods are applied, we can expect a 25-90% increase in yield (Zand et al., 1386).

    Weeds of oats and barhang are spread throughout the region, especially in Ardabil, East and West Azarbaijan provinces (Kirimi, 1374). And these plants are found throughout the region. These plants have dormant seeds. The amount of seed dormancy and germination varies under the influence of several factors, such as the number of testa layers, the type of epidermis and fruit cover, the location of the seed on the plant, the size and weight of the seed, the age of the plant, the length of the day, and the time of harvest. Seed dormancy can also be seen in many plants, including oats, salma tere, sorrel, and Persian grass. Cultivation and establishment of pasture plants and weed control is considered a major problem due to the dormancy of seeds in them, and a significant percentage of the seeds of wild cultivars are in early dormancy at the time of harvest. The non-germination of weed seeds at the same time due to dormancy in the fields also creates a major problem in their control (Hadi and Karimi, 2014).

    In integrated weed management programs, paying attention to seed dormancy and knowledge of the mechanism of sleep and how seeds wake up is particularly important (Carson and Milberg, 2007).

    Therefore, the importance of the subject caused a research to be conducted with the aim of studying the effect of different chemical treatments on removing seed dormancy in weeds.So that in this research, two wild oat plants under the effect of treatment with different concentrations of gibberellic acid and potassium nitrate were investigated to find suitable treatments to eliminate seed dormancy. Weeds

    More than 1000 years before Christ, weeds were removed from fields by hand. In those conditions, a person could barely provide for themselves, and as a result, starvation was very common. In the following centuries, man gradually expanded the use of hand tools, until a thousand years before Christ, man used animals to pull the plow (as a primitive plow), thus reducing the use of human power, mainly in preparing the bed. However, one person could only produce food for two people, and as a result, the scope of hunger continued to spread. After 1731, that is, when the discovery of rows of agricultural plants using horse hoes began. One person could produce food for four people. In 1920, the widespread use of tractors began, this newly discovered power made the farmer capable of producing food for eight people (Qareena et al., 2013). Sea salt was probably the first chemical used to kill plants. Around 1900, pure chemicals were used to control weeds. Around 1947, the use of chemical herbicides began as a common practice. At that time, one farmer could feed 16 people. In the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, many chemical herbicides were developed along with other advanced agricultural technologies, and thus, in 1980, one farmer could feed 38 people. This means that now less than three people out of every 100 people are directly needed for food production and 97 people will have the opportunity to work in other fields (Ghadiri, 1372). style="direction: rtl;">Out of about 200,000 plant species around the world, only about 250 species are annoying and are called weeds (Rashid Mozal et al., 2014; Kochaki et al., 2014). This number is only about 0.1 (eleventh) percent of the world's plant species. Of course, this fact does not prevent the relative importance of many other species in local conditions.

    Holm (1978) has outlined the taxonomic distribution of these 250 species (Table 1-1). Surprisingly, a few plant genera contain most of the world's weeds. About 70% of these weed species fall into 12 genera. Almost 40% of them are in the families of wheat and citrus. What does it mean that many of these species we call weeds are so closely related? Is there a relationship between weeds and crops? The 12 plants are in only 5 genera, and these 5 genera include many weeds. This shows that some plants and weeds share some of their taxonomic characteristics and may have a common evolutionary origin (Kocheki et al., 2013). In Iran, due to the diversity of the climate, nearly 180 plant genera, 1200 genera and 8000 plant species have been identified, which are part of Iran's flora, and some of them appear as weeds (Mirshkari, 2012).

    capsicum annum at low temperature. Plant physiol. 72:146-150.

     

     

    Abstract
    Treatments, including the percentages of potassium nitrate 0.6, 0.4, 0.2 and gibberellic acid with doses of 1000, 750, 500, 250 (ppm) were seen individually on the plantain and oat plants in both stages were tested. Awn digging in the ground oats before applying the treatments carried out all the seeds. Studied in this experiment, root length, shoot length, seedling length, seedling dry weight, vigor index, root volume, the percentage of germination and germination rate. The results showed that the herb plantain in any of the treatments were not able to germinate.

  • Contents & References of The effect of applying different treatments on breaking dormancy and germination of weed seeds of wild oat and wild oat.

    List:

     

    Abstract

    Chapter One

    Introduction .. 1

    1- Review of sources .. 3

    1-1- History of weed control. 3

    1-2- Distribution and importance of weeds. 4

    1-3- Definitions of weed.. 6

    1-4- Properties of weed. 7

    1-5- Weed damages. 8

    1-5-1- Small damages. 8

    1-5-2- Qualitative damages. 9

    1-6- Weed control.. 9

    1-7- Botany of wild oat. 10

    1-8- Barhang botany. 10

    1-9- Ecology of oats.. 11

    1-10- Stages of oat growth. 12

    1-11- Germination stage .. 13

    1-12 Seed structure .. 13

    1-13- Biochemistry and physiology of seed bud. 15

    1-14- Weed control. 15

    1-15- The reasons for the prevalence of weed seeds. 16

    1-15-1- Seed shell .. 16

    1-16- Sleep after processing. 17

    1-17- Definition of sleep.. 18

    1-18- Classification of seed sleep. 18

    1-19- The importance of seed sleep. 20

    1-20- Examining types of sleep. 20

    1-20-1- sleep physiology. 20

    1-20-2 Morphological sleep. 21

    1-20-3- Physical sleep.. 21

    1-20-4- Chemical sleep. 21

    1-20-5- Mechanical sleep. 22

    1-21- The importance of sleep in applied agriculture. 22

    1-21-1 Dormancy in agricultural plants and the relationship with the power of Namiya. 22

    1-21-2- Sleep or seed death? . 22

    1-22- Factors that cause dormancy in seeds. 23

    1-23- Covering that creates seed dormancy. 23

    1-24- The role of hormones and growth regulators in seed dormancy. 25

    1-24-1- germination inhibitors. 25

    1-24-2 germination producers. 26

    1-25- Ways to get rid of sleep. 27

    1-26- Breaking sleep or using chemicals. 28

    1-27- Effective mechanisms in eliminating fetal sleep by controlling sleep. 29

    1-28- Special requirements in germination test. 30

    1-29- Germination test evaluation. 31

    1-30- Foundation tests that are based on the physiological effects of aging. 32

    1-31- Foundation tests based on biochemical effects during aging. 33

    Chapter Two .. 39

    2- Materials and methods .. 40

    2-1- The stages of the experiment. 40

    2-2- Experimental design .. 40

    2-3- Experimental treatments .. 41

    2-4- The studied traits. 42

    2-5- Statistical analysis .. 43

    Chapter 3 .. 44

    3- Results and discussion .. 45

    3-1- Variance analysis of studied traits of oat plant in treatment with potassium nitrate. 45

    3-2- Average comparisons of studied traits in potassium nitrate treatment. 47

    3-3- Comparison of the average effect of gibberellic acid treatment in oat plant. 53

    3-4- Comparison of average traits studied in gibberellic acid treatment. 55 5-3- General conclusion 62 6-3 Suggestions 63 List of Persian sources 64 List of non-Persian sources 67 Abstract in English 72 Source:

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The effect of applying different treatments on breaking dormancy and germination of weed seeds of wild oat and wild oat.
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