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  3. Investigating the methods of using high-use elements to increase the yield of kiwifruit in Gilan province, a case study of Astana Ashrafieh

Investigating the methods of using high-use elements to increase the yield of kiwifruit in Gilan province, a case study of Astana Ashrafieh

Number of pages: 48 File Format: word File Code: 32362
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Consumable elements - fertilization - Fertilizer - Kiwi fruit - Kiwi performance - Nitrogen - phosphorus - Potassium - urea
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  • Summary of Investigating the methods of using high-use elements to increase the yield of kiwifruit in Gilan province, a case study of Astana Ashrafieh

    Treatment of Physiology and Improvement of Fruit Trees

    Dissertation for Master's Degree

    Field: Agriculture Horticulture

    Abstract:

    Investigating the methods of using high-use elements to increase the yield of kiwifruit in Gilan province, a case study of Astana Ashrafieh

    In this research, in order to investigate the effect of different sources and amounts of macro NPK fertilizers on yield and fruit quality in kiwifruit trees Hayward, the experiment was implemented in the form of randomized complete blocks with 10 treatments and 3 replications for one year. Traits such as fruit fresh weight, fruit dry weight, percentage of dry matter, fruit sugar, fruit firmness, fruit acidity, nitrogen, phosphorus and fruit potassium were measured. The results showed that the effects of the treatments on fruit fresh weight, fruit dry weight, percentage of dry matter, fruit sugar, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium of the fruit were not significantly different compared to the control treatment, but the firmness of the fruit tissue and the acidity of the fruit had a significant effect compared to the control treatment.

    The results showed that the effect of the treatments had a significant effect on the degree of firmness of the fruit tissue and the highest firmness (3 kg/m2 corresponding to the 4 bar treatment) Apportionment of urea (4x175), 500g of triple superphosphate and 500g of potassium sulfate and treatment of 4x apportionment of urea (4x175), 3x apportionment of potassium sulfate (3x250) and 500g of triple superphosphate. It seems that a large amount of phosphorus and potassium and organic matter in the Kiwi soil caused the lack of positive reaction of kiwifruit to the use of nitrogen and potash fertilizers. and phosphated.

    Key words: potassium, phosphorus, fertilization, kiwi fruit, nitrogen.

    - The importance of consuming fruits and vegetables

    Fruits and vegetables are rich sources of carbohydrates, vitamins, antioxidants, polyphenols, minerals and dietary fibers They increase the health of people and societies. The high nutritional value of such products has increased their demand among consumers (Fieler and Fialo[1], 2010). Studies have shown that a diet rich in fruits and vegetables reduces the risk of diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular and other chronic diseases (Bertaza[2] et al., 2003). Therefore, for the better effectiveness of fruits and vegetables in preventing the occurrence of diseases, improving the nutritional value of the produced products can be considered (Enakpuran [3] et al., 2008). The tendency to consume kiwi as a fruit with high nutritional value has been highly regarded in recent years (Shrikao [4], 2006; Hunter [5] et al., 2010). Kiwi fruit is a rich source of vitamin C and has other useful compounds including vitamin E, polyphenols, flavonoids, minerals, organic acids, and also has a large amount of pigments, especially chlorophyll and carotenoids (Du [6] et al., 2009). It was mainly due to the use of fertilizers from rainfall and irrigation. In general, fertilizers provide nutrients needed for plant growth. If the technical points in the use of fertilizers are observed, the depletion of the set of nutrients in the soil is prevented and it leads to the creation of the required balance between the mentioned elements in the soil. If the increase in fertilizer consumption is in the direction of the mentioned goals, it is considered an effective means in increasing the production of agricultural products and achieving food security for the country (Malkoti et al., 2017). Optimum use of fertilizer is one of the most important factors for increasing yield, improving the quality of agricultural products and improving the level of community health. Also, according to the organization of the World Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), between 44 and 60 percent increase in agricultural production in the world during the last three decades is due to the use of chemical fertilizers, and in countries with optimal use of fertilizers, this increase was at the highest level. Therefore, the optimal use of fertilizer is the most effective, easiest and most economical way to realize the plan of increasing the yield per hectare of agricultural products in the 80s and sustaining production in the coming decades (Malkoti and Jalali, 2012). One of the major concerns of plant nutritionists in this century is how to increase the efficiency of fertilizer use [7] (FUE).Supplying on time, i.e. based on the needs and time of the plant and in the right way, will improve the quantity and quality of nutrients and prevent wastage of capital and environmental pollution (Malkoti et al., 2014). In general, minerals are essential for the growth and development of plants, and fruit trees are no exception. Minerals are the building blocks of organic materials, activators of enzymes and enzyme reactions, carriers of some materials and regulators of plant stress. Therefore, the way of feeding the plant will determine its growth and development. In addition, regarding the use of fruits as food in providing minerals, especially in women, the importance of these substances becomes more evident (Malkoti, Tabatabai, 1387).

    Given that the physiological and biochemical role of these elements are often not taken into account in the cultivation of fruit trees, and as a result, it causes ambiguities and incorrect fertilizer recommendations, and it is necessary that applied research in all cases for Balanced nutrition and optimal use of fertilizer for more production along with increasing product quality. Increasing the quality and quantity of fruit is not achieved by using a lot of water and fertilizer, but it is their balanced use that can improve production. In fertilizer recommendations, the processes carried out in the rhizosphere should be taken into account so that the absorption mechanism of nutrients is not disturbed (Malkoti, Tabatabai, 2017). rtl;"> 

    The second chapter:

    Overview and review of sources

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     
     

     

    2-1- The history of kiwi cultivation in Iran and the world

    The main origin of kiwi is the forests of the temperate regions around the Yangtze River [8] in southern China and its different varieties are scattered from Siberia to Indonesia (Mohammadian et al., 2008). In the early 1920s, the production of this product began in Southeast Asia, Japan and New Zealand, so that currently this fruit has become one of the most important fruits in New Zealand (Stringer [9], 2000).

    In Iran, for the first time in 1347, a male seedling of the Matua type and a female seedling of the Allison type, which is a high-yielding variety, It is early ripening and has small fruits. It was imported from France and cultivated in Ramsar (Mohammadi, 1372). These two planted saplings were placed under the supervision of Ramsar Agricultural Research Station for the purpose of preliminary investigations and climate adaptability, and the first fruit samples were observed on the tree in 1350. In the following years, the need for other varieties of kiwi was felt, and with the cooperation of the officials of the joint FAO horticulture project [10] and the Institute of Breeding and Supply of Seeds and Seedlings of the Ministry of Agriculture, all the current female varieties and two male varieties were imported from France and Italy to Iran. Since 1367, the kiwi product in Iran has been commercially sold to the domestic market from gardens in the area of ??Sari to Astara (Mohammadian et al. 1378).

    2-2- Cultivated area and amount of kiwi production in Iran and the world

    According to statistics published by FAO in 2008, the area under kiwi cultivation in the world is 82,547 hectares with production It is 1313827 tons annually.

  • Contents & References of Investigating the methods of using high-use elements to increase the yield of kiwifruit in Gilan province, a case study of Astana Ashrafieh

    List:

     

    Abstract: 1

    Chapter One: General

    1-1- The importance of consuming fruits and vegetables 3

    1-2- The importance of using fertilizers 3

    1-3- The role of food elements. 4

    Chapter Two: Review of sources

    2-1- The history of kiwi cultivation in Iran and the world. 6

    2-2- Cultivated area and amount of kiwi production in Iran and the world. 6

    2-3- Kiwi botany. 7

    2-4- famous kiwi varieties. 8

    2-4-1- Hayward figure. 8

    2-4-2- Brno number. 8

    2-4-3- Abbott number. 9

    2-4-4- manti digit. 9

    2-4-5- Allison variety. 9

    2-4-6- Grassi number. 9

    2-5- Kiwi production conditions. 9

    2-6- Nutritional value of fruit. 10

    2-7- Feeding management in kiwi orchards. 12

    2-8-high consumption food elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, potash) 13

    2-8-1-nitrogen. 13

    2-8-2-potassium. 13

    2-8-3- phosphorus. 13

    2-9- Methods of consuming high-use fertilizers. 14

    2-9-1- surface spreading method. 14

    2-9-2- foliar spraying method. 15

    2-9-3- method of injection into tree trunks. 15

    2-9-4- Chalkod method. 15

    2-9-4-1- Chalcod and its effect on facilitating the absorption of nutrients. 15

    2-10- Quality at harvest time. 17

    Chapter Three: Materials and Methods

    3-1- Place and time of the experiment. 19

    3-2- Application of treatments 19

    3-3- Control and fight against weeds 20

    3-4- Irrigation method. 21

    3-5- soil characteristics. 21

    3-6- Kiwi fruit harvest. 21

    3-7- Evaluation of attributes 22

    3-7-1- Measurement of fruit fresh weight. 22

    3-7-2- Measuring the acidity (pH) of the fruit. 22

    3-7-3-measuring the firmness of the fruit. 22

    3-7-4-measuring fruit sugar. 22

    3-7-5-extracting from fruit. 23

    3-7-6- Measuring the dry weight of fruit. 23

    3-7-7- Fruit nitrogen measurement. 23

    3-7-8- Fruit potassium measurement. 24

    3-7-9-Measuring fruit phosphorus. 24

    3-8-Data analysis 25

    Chapter four: result and discussion

    4-1- The effect of treatments on plant growth. 27

    4-1-1- Data variance analysis table 27

    4-1-2- The effect of treatments on the fresh zone of kiwi fruit. 28

    4-1-3- The effect of treatment on dry weight of kiwi fruit. 29

    4-1-4- The effect of treatments on dry matter (percentage) of kiwi fruit. 30

    4-1-5- The effect of treatments on kiwi fruit sugar. 31

    4-1-6- The effect of treatments on the firmness of kiwi fruit. 32

    4-1-7- The effect of treatments on the acidity of kiwi fruit. 33

    4-1-8- The effect of treatments on nitrogen concentration of kiwi fruit. 34

    4-1-9- The effect of treatments on phosphorus of kiwi fruit. 35

    4-1-10- The effect of treatments on potassium concentration of kiwi fruit. 36

    General conclusion. 37

    Suggestions: 37

    Resources. 38

     

    Source:

     

    Jamshidi, A. 1380. Properties of fruit characteristics. Navaran Publications. 270 p.

    Khoshgovtar, A, 1384. Basics of Plant Nutrition, Isfahan University of Technology Publications, Isfahan, Iran

    Khazaei Pol. Yazdan Qoli. 1382. Biology of flowering and pollination in kiwifruit. Agricultural Education Journal 183 pp. Rahmi, M. 2009. Temperate fruit trees in hot climates/Editor Amnon Erez; Translated by Majid Rahimi, Mashhad: Academic Jihad

    Rahimi, M. 2012. Physiology after harvest, introductions to the physiology and handling of fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants. Shiraz University Publishing Center. Translation. 437 p.

    Faust, M. 1385. Physiology of Fruit Trees in Temperate Regions - Bo Ali Sina University Publications 4860 p. Faqih Nasiri, h. Taheri and M. Ghasemanjad. 1387. Investigation of post-harvest treatments on the storage life of kiwifruit Actinidia deliciosacv Hayward) (Hayward number. Final report of the research project. Country Citrus Research Institute. 66 p.

    Mohammadi, J. and M. Abdi Sane Kohi. 1372. Kiwi and its cultivation. Farhang Jame Publications. 160 p.

    Mohammadian, M. A. and R. Eshaghi Timuri. 1378. Kiwi production company. 1388. Ministry of Agriculture

    Malkoti, M. and Tabatabai, J. 2010. Optimal nutrition management in the country's fruit gardens, Sena Publications, Tehran.. Optimum nutrition management in fruit orchards in the country, Sena Publications, Tehran, Iran Baybordi, M., M. J.

    Malkuti, M, J. and Tehrani, M., M. 1387. The role of micronutrients in increasing the yield and improving the quality of agricultural products in micro elements with macro effect, Tarbiat Modares University Publications, Tehran, Iran. 14- Malkouti, H. Amirmakri and M. exquisite 1379. Optimum production and consumption of chemical fertilizers in line with the goals of sustainable agriculture. Office of educational services and technology. 282 p.

    15- Malkuti, M. c. 1379. Sustainable agriculture and increasing yield by optimizing fertilizer use in Iran. Publication of agricultural education. Tehran. 289 p.

    16-Malkouti, MJ and Ali Asghar Shahabi. 1379. Chlorocalcium foliar spraying is an undeniable necessity in improving the quality characteristics of apples. Deputy for promotion of TAT organization. Ministry of Agriculture, Tehran.

    17- Malkouti, M.J. and Tabatabai, J. 1376. Nutrition of plants through foliar application, Agricultural Education Publication of TAT Organization, Ministry of Agriculture

    18-Abou El, M.M., A.M. El-Bassiony and Z.F. Fawzy. 2006. Effect of Organic Manure with or Without Chemical Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Quality of Some Varieties of Broccoli Plants. Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 2(10): 791-798

    19-Abu-Zahra, T.R and A.B. Tahboub. 2008. Effect of Organic Matter Sources on Chemical Properties of the Soil and Yield of Strawberry under Organic Farming Conditions. World Applied Sciences Journal. 5 (3): 383-388.

    20-Adame, D. 2001. Nutritionists question study of organic food. Nature .412-666.

    21-Amodio, M. L., G. Colelli., J. K. Hasey and A. A. Kader. 2007. A comparative study of composition and postharvest performance of organically and conventionally grown kiwifruits. Sci Food Agric. 87:1228–1236.

    22- Amzad Hossain, M., S. M. Salehuddin, M. J. Kabir, S. M. M. Rahman and H. P. Vasatha Rupasinghe. 2009. Sinensetin, rutin 3?-hydroxyl- 5, 6, 7, 4?-tetramethoxy flavone and rosmarinic acid content and antioxidant effect of the skin of apple fruit. Journal of Food Chemistry. 113: 185-190.

    23-Anne, W., H. nihal., R. Cecilia and R. Harker. 2005. Evaluation of softening characteristics of fruit from 14 species of Actinidia. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 35: 143-151.

    24-Ano, O.A. and J.A. Agwn. 2005. Effect of animal manure on selected soil chemical properties. J. Soil Sci. 15:14-19.

    25-Anokpornm, P. O., P. Puwastien., A. Nitithamyong and P. Sirichakwal. 2008. Changes of antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds during storage of selected fruits. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 21: 241–248.

    26-Asami, D.K., Y.J. Hong., D.M. Barrett and A.E. Mitchell. 2003. Comparison of the total phenolic and ascorbic acid content of freeze-dried and air-dried marionberry, strawberry and corn grown using conventional, organic and sustainable agriculture, practices. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51: 1237-1241.

    27-Awad, M.A and A. de Jager. 2002. Relationships between fruit nutrients and concentration of flavonoids and chlorogenic acid in Elstar apple skin. Scientia Hort. 92:265-276.

    28-Awad, M. A., P.S. Wagenmakers and A. de Jager. 2001. Effects of light on flavonoid and chlorogenic acid levels in the skin of `Jonagold' apples. Scientia Horticulturae 88: 289-298.

    29-Bakhshi, D. and O. Arakawa. 2006. Induction of phenolic compound biosynthesis with light irradiation in the flesh of red and yellow apples. The Journal of Applied Horticulture. 8(2):101-104.

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Investigating the methods of using high-use elements to increase the yield of kiwifruit in Gilan province, a case study of Astana Ashrafieh
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