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  3. Investigating the effect of several types of pretreatment on Maritigal (Silybum marianum) seeds under several levels of salinity stress

Investigating the effect of several types of pretreatment on Maritigal (Silybum marianum) seeds under several levels of salinity stress

Number of pages: 145 File Format: word File Code: 32360
Year: 2013 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Maritigal - Medicinal plants - Non-reducing sugar - Plant seeds - pretreatment - priming - Regenerative sugar - Salinity stress - saltiness - sprouting - total sugar
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  • Summary of Investigating the effect of several types of pretreatment on Maritigal (Silybum marianum) seeds under several levels of salinity stress

    Dissertation for receiving a master's degree (M.Sc)

    Direction: Agriculture

    Investigating the effect of several types of pretreatment on the seeds of Maritigal plant (Silybum marianum) under several levels of salinity stress

    Abstract:

    Based on the available statistics, Iran, after China, India and Pakistan have the highest percentage of saline lands. It is dedicated, therefore, it is necessary to consider the use of new plants and new methods in agriculture in order to create a sustainable agriculture. Due to the fact that Maritigal medicinal plant has a relatively good ability against salt stress, it can be considered as a good option for cultivation in saline areas. Since the act of priming can play an effective role in creating resistance to salinity stress in plant seeds, it can be considered as a low-cost method for agriculture in saline areas. The purpose of this experiment is to find the best priming treatment to create salt resistance in the seeds of Maritigal plant among several types of priming that have been done on many other plants and have had good results. This experiment has been done in two parts. In the first part, the germination of seeds in a petri dish was discussed. In this part, the experimental design used was factorial in the majority of the completely random design, which used gibberellic acid, salicylic acid, water and sodium chloride for seed priming. The salinity levels used were zero, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mmol/L. In the second part of the experiment, the effects of salinity stress on seed sugar were studied in the early germination period. The primings and salinity levels were the same as in the first experiment, but in this experiment, the amount of sugars was studied at 12, 24, and 36 hours after soaking Maritigal seeds. The experimental design used in the second experiment was factorial and completely randomized. The results of this research show that seed priming under salt stress conditions has positive effects in creating salt resistance in the seeds of Maritigal plant and has a positive effect on the germination indicators in the plant. It also affects the amount of sugar in the seeds and changes it. It was observed that at different levels of salinity, the seeds showed different responses to the treatments and the best results regarding the germination indicators were obtained when the seeds were in a salinity of 50 mmol/l NaCl and the hydropriming treatment was performed on them.  The highest amount of total and non-reducing sugars was obtained when the seeds were under salinity stress of 250 mmol/L of sodium salt and salicylic acid priming treatment was done on them, and 36 hours had passed since the seeds were soaked. The highest amount of reducing sugar was observed when the seeds were under salinity stress of 50 mmol NaCl per liter and no priming was done on them and only 12 hours had passed since the seeds were soaked. Considering that the concentration of the priming substance and the length of the priming period are effective on the results, it is suggested to repeat these experiments using the materials used in this experiment in other priming concentrations and times.

    Keywords: Total sugar, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar. Priming, germination and salinity

    Chapter One

    Introduction and purpose

    1-1 Introduction:

         Medicinal plants are rich reservoirs of the essential active ingredients of many drugs. Although effective substances are basically made by guiding genetic processes, their production is significantly influenced by environmental factors, so that environmental factors cause changes in the growth of medicinal plants, as well as in the quantity and quality of their effective substances. The water used to irrigate agricultural lands contains soluble salts that remain in the soil after water evaporation and gradually increase the salinity of agricultural soils (Berkeley, 1986). About 7% of the world's lands (Mons, 2002) and 15% of Iran's surface are affected by salinity.Therefore, identifying and checking the adaptation of plants that can grow in saline areas can be important in creating ecological balance (Hadi et al., 2016). In terms of the stages of plant establishment, the first issue is seed germination. In saline soils, seeds face stress in terms of water absorption and the toxic effects of high concentration of salts (Haider et al., 1972). Salt stress generally causes a delay in germination, a decrease in the rate and percentage of germination, and a decrease in the growth of roasted seeds. In addition, salinity causes a delay in the emergence of roots and stems in germinating seeds in a saline environment. Sodium chloride salinity affects the growth of young tissues more strongly than other salinities (Vahid et al., 1999). Priming is one of the ways to improve seed performance. In priming, the seeds are allowed to absorb some water so that the initial stages of germination are carried out, but the root does not come out. In other words, the seeds progress to the second stage of drinking but do not enter the third stage. After the priming treatment, the seeds are stored and cultivated dry as untreated seeds (control) (McDonald, 1999). Various reports indicate that priming increases the percentage, speed and uniformity of seed germination and greening (Demirkaya et al., 2006) (Ashraf and Rauf, 2001). It has also been reported that this technique increases the range of seed germination in stressful environmental conditions such as salt, drought and temperature stress (Fujikara et al., 1993) (Demirkaya et al., 2006) (Ashraf and Foulad, 2005).

    1-2 Botany

    Maritighal or milk thistle with the scientific name Silybum marianum is an annual plant that grows in warm weather with light and sandy soil and the root of this plant is straight, bright in color and has many branches. Its stem is also straight and has many branches. The height of the stem is different and is between 150 and 250 cm. The leaves are wide and fragile, and at the beginning of growth, they are placed on the ground in the form of a rosette. The petioles are long, oval and prickly. The presence of green and white spots with chlorophyll, caused by the gap between the membrane and the chlorophyll cells of the mesophyll, gives the appearance of the leaf a marble-like appearance. The margins of the leaves are prickly and the capitols are oval and somewhat egg-shaped. Their diameter is between 5 and 8 cm. Tubular flowers are dark purple and rarely white. The outer part of the capitols is prominent and scaly and consists of many spine-like appendages. The fruit (seed) is egg-shaped, 8 mm long and 4 mm thick. Its color is generally dark brown, but its underside can be seen as light brown. The weight of 1000 seeds is 23 to 31 grams (Omid Beigi, 2014). The weight of each seed is about 22 mg (Abdali Mashhadhi, 2011). This plant grows like a car on the side of deserted roads, barren lands and the outer borders of agricultural lands. The leaves of this large plant with split sides are serrated, spiky and transparent green in color. The thin and delicate spines at the top of the leaves of this plant show a yellow color and a distinct appearance against the broad green color. Also, because there are white spots on the side of the veins, it makes it easier to distinguish it from other plants of this family by paying attention to the characteristics of the leaves (Zargari, 2015). . Freshly grown leaves from the seed (cotyledon) are one-half to three-quarters of an inch wide and three-quarters to one inch long. Each capitol has about 100 seeds and each plant produces between 10 and 50 capitols. The color of the seed coat depends on the weather conditions during the flowering stage. When the weather is cold and rainy, the seeds may become colorless (Abdali Mashhadhi, 1381). Therefore it is important to consider using new plants and new methods in establishing a permanent agriculture. Considering Silybum marianum has a high resistance against salt stress it could be planted in salty area. Since priming treatment can play an important role in making seeds resistant to salt we can use them as a cheap method in making permanent agriculture in salty areas.

  • Contents & References of Investigating the effect of several types of pretreatment on Maritigal (Silybum marianum) seeds under several levels of salinity stress

    List:

    ..1

    Chapter One: Introduction and Purpose

    1-1 Introduction..4

    1-2 Botany..5

    1-3 Geographical distribution and origin..6

    1-4 Soil salinity..7

    1-5 Effect of salinity on germination..10

    1-6 Priming..12

    1-7 Chemical composition of Maritigal..14

    1-8 Physical and chemical properties of Maritigal seed oil.15

    1-9 Therapeutic effects of silymarin..16

    1-10 Purpose of the experiment..18

    Chapter two: Review of other researches

    2-1 Salicylic acid Priming..20

    2-2 Water pretreatment (hydropriming).24

    2-3 Pretreatment with salt (halo priming).27

    2-4 Pretreatment with gibberellic acid.31

    2-5 Effect of salinity on total sugar in seeds.33

    2-6 Effect of salinity on Non-reducing sugars. 36

    2-7 Effect of salinity on reducing sugars. 37

    2-8 Effect of gibberellic acid priming on sugar amount. 39

    2-9 Effect of salicylic acid priming on sugar amount. 39

    2-10 Effect of hydropriming (water pretreatment) on sugar amount. 41

    2-11 Effect Halopriming (pretreatment with salt) on the amount of sugar. 42

    Chapter three: materials and methods

    3-1 The purpose of the experiment..44

    3-2 The location of the experiment..44

    3-3 The design of the experiment..44

    3-4 How to implement the experiment..45

    Chapter four: Results and discussion

    Results and discussion..54

    4-1 Average germination speed..54

    4-2: Average germination per day..59

    4-3: Germination speed..62

    4-4: Germination percentage..66

    4-5 Total sugar..73

    4-6 Sugar Regeneration..82

    4-7 non-reducing sugars..91

    4-8 General results and discussion..99

    Sources

    Persian sources..101

    English sources..104

    English abstract..128

     

     

    Source:

    Abdali Mashhadhi, A.R. 2012. Investigating the effect of different levels of density on the yield and amount of seed oil of Maritigal medicinal plant in Ahvaz weather conditions. Magazine of knowledge and construction. No. 54: 28-34.

    Omid Beigi, R. 2014. Production and processing of medicinal plants. Astan Quds Razavi Publications. The second volume. 438 pages.

    Woji, b. and d. Boolean 2018. Manavari and principles of seed biology. Translation. Hijazi, A. Tehran University Publications. 513 pages. Jalili Marandi. R. 2019. Physiology of environmental stresses and resistance mechanisms in garden plants (fruit trees, vegetables and medicinal plants). Academic Jihad Publications, Urmia branch. The first volume. Page 283-290.

    Dadkhah, A. R. 1389. Studying the effect of salinity stress and type of salt on germination and seedling growth of four medicinal plants: fenugreek, sesame, hemp and zinnia. Scientific-Physical Quarterly Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Iran. Volume 26. Volume 3: 358-369.

    Khodabakhsh. F., R. Amu Aghaei, A. tenants and g. a privilege 2018. Investigating the effect of hydropriming of two commercial varieties of chickpea on germination, growth factors and the number of root nodules under salt stress conditions. Plant biology. Number 6: 71-86.

    Zare, S., A. Tavali, A. Shahbazi and A. Riahi 2018. Investigating the effect of different levels of salicylic acid on the improvement of germination components of foxberry (Sanguisorba minor L.) under salinity and drought stress. Pasture and Watershed Journal, Journal of Natural Resources of Iran. Volume 63, Number 1: 29-39.

    Zargari, AD 1375. Medicinal plants. Tehran University Publications. The third volume. Sixth edition. Pages 34-38.

    Volag, J. and J. Studella 2017. Medicinal plants (methods of planting, growing, harvesting and color illustrated description of 256 plants). The seventh edition. Translation of time. Q. Phoenix Publications. 367 pages.

    Salari, B., M. Shamsuddin Saeed and A. Askarian Sardari. 2017. Investigating the effect of sodium chloride pretreatment (NaCl Priming) on ??some agronomic and physiological traits of hybrid single cross 704 corn in saline conditions. Agricultural sciences and techniques and natural resources. Year 12, number 46. 143-153.

    Shafizadeh, M., K. Ahmadi, b. Bahraini Nejad and R. Alizadeh 2010. Modulation of the adverse effects caused by salinity stress in Iranian borage flower (Echium ameonum) using seed priming. The fifth national conference of new ideas in agriculture. Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan Branch: 1-4.

    Froudel, S., Sadrabadi Haghighi and S. M. Nabi Kalat. 2018. The effect of seed priming on the growth of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seedlings under salt stress. Iranian Agricultural Research Journal. Volume 2, Number 3:

    Falah Hosseini, H., b. Larijani, Fakhrzadeh. H, b. Rajabipour, sh. Akhundzadeh, T. Tulit and R. anger 2013. Clinical trial of the effect of Maritigal medicinal plant seed extract (silymarin) on blood lipids in type 2 diabetic patients with high blood lipids. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Lipid. Volume 3, Number 2: 201-206.

    Enough. M., A. Borzoi, M. Salehi A. Kamandi, A. Masoumi and Jafar Nabati. 2018. Physiology of environmental stresses in plants. Mashhad Academic Jihad Publications. Page 81-123. Kafi, M., A. Aishi Rezaei, M. Haghigkhah and p. the victim 2018. Studying the effect of different levels of salinity and seed priming on germination and seedling characteristics of two medicinal species of the citrus family. Journal of Agricultural Ecology. Volume 2, Number 2: 245-255.

    Goli, S. A. H., M. Kadivar, b. Bahrami and M. R. Sabze Alian 2016. Physical and chemical properties of Maritigal seed. Journal of Iranian food science and industry. Volume 4, Number 4: 27-31.

    Mohammadi, M., H. Fahimi and A. Majd 2018. A comparative study of the effect of salicylic acid and gibberellic acid on the germination rate of lentil (Lens culinaris L.) seeds. Journal of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar branch. Course 4. No. 4: 33-44.

    Moradi, R. and P. Rizwani Moghadam 2018. Investigating the effect of salicylic acid pretreatment under salinity stress conditions on germination and growth characteristics of fennel seedlings (Foeniculum vulgare Mill). Iranian Agricultural Research Journal. Volume 8, Number 3: 489-500.

    Mozaheri Tirani, M. and Kh. Manochehri police station. 2015. Investigating the three factors of salicylic acid, drought stress and ethylene and their mutual effect on rape seed germination (Brassica napus L.). Iranian Journal of Biology. No. 9: 408-418.

    Hadi, M. R., R. Taheri Tehrani and M. Ismail Sharif. 2016. Investigating the effect of salinity on the germination of the seeds of Seidlitzia rosmarinus. Research and construction in natural resources. Number 76: 151-157.

     

    English sources

    Abbasdokht, H. 2011. The effect of hydropriming and halopriming on germination and early growth stage of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). DESERT. 16: 61-68.

    Abbaspour, H., H. Ashrafi and M. A. Abdel-Wahhab. 2012. Influence of salt stress on growth, pigments, soluble sugars and ion accumulation in three pistachio cultivars. J. Med. Plants Res. 6(12):2468-2473.

    Abd El Samad, H. M and M. A. K. Shahdad. 1997. Salt tolerance of soybean cultivars. Plant Biol. 39(2): 263-269.

    Abdollahi, F and L. Jafari. 2012. Effect of NaCl priming on seed germination of canola (Brassica napus L.) under salinity conditions. Intl. J. Agric: Res & Rev. 2(5): 573-579

    Afkari Bajehbaj, A. 2010. The effects of NaCl priming on salt tolerance in sunflower germination and seedlings grow under salinity conditions. Afr. J. biotechnol. 9: 1764-1770.

    Afzal, I., Basra.S. M. A, M. Farooq and A. Nawaz. 2006. Alleviation of salinity stress in spring wheat by hormonal priming with ABA, salicylic acid and ascorbic acid. International Journal of Agriculture and Biologt. 8: 23-28.

    Afzal, I., A. Butt, H. U. Rehman, S. M. A. Basra and A. Afzal. 2012. Alleviation of salt stress in fine aromatic rice by seed priming. AJCS. 6(10): 1401-1407.

    Afzal, I., S. Maqsood, A. Basra, N. Ahmad and T. E. Lodhi. 2007. Counteraction of salinity stress on wheat plants by pre-sowing seed treatments. Pak. J. Agri. Sci. 44(1): 50-58.

    Afzal, I., S. Rauf, S. M. A. Basra and G. Murtaza. 2008. Halopriming improves vigor, metabolism of reserves and ionic contents in wheat seedlings under salt stress. Plant Soil Environ. 54(9):382-388.

    Ajmal Khan, M., A. M. Zaheer and A. Hameed. 2006. Effect of sea salt and L-ascorbic acid on seed germination of halophytes. Journal of Arid Environment. 67: 535-540.

    Ahmad, I., T. Khaliq, A. Ahmad, S. M. A. Basra, Z. Hasnain nad A. Ali. 2012. Effect of seed priming with ascorbic acid, salicylic acid and hydrogen peroxide on emergence, vigor and antioxidant activities of maize. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 11(5): 1127-1132.

    Alamgir, A. N. and M. Y. Ali. 1999. Effect on leaf pigments, sugar and protein concentrations and chloroplast ATPAase activity of rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Bangladesh J. Bot.

Investigating the effect of several types of pretreatment on Maritigal (Silybum marianum) seeds under several levels of salinity stress
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