Word Files
Reference for Downloading Educational Files
  2. Agricultural Engineering
  3. Simultaneous extraction and measurement of heavy metals lead, cadmium and zinc in rice

Simultaneous extraction and measurement of heavy metals lead, cadmium and zinc in rice

Number of pages: 115 File Format: word File Code: 32359
Year: Not Specified University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Agricultural lands - cadmium - heavy metals - lead - rice - Roy - Simultaneous measurement of metals - Zn
  • Part of the Content
  • Contents & Resources

  • Summary of Simultaneous extraction and measurement of heavy metals lead, cadmium and zinc in rice

    Abstract:

    Rice, after wheat, is one of the most important grains consumed by the people of the world, which is widely present in people's diet. Half of the world's population depends on rice as a staple food. There are many items of rice in the world and now rice is one of the strategic products of the country. Contamination of rice with heavy metals may be a serious threat to humans. Because they are not biodegradable and remain in the environment and enter the food chain. In this study, the concentration of heavy metals lead and cadmium as harmful metals and the concentration of zinc metal as a beneficial element were determined through atomic absorption spectroscopy according to AOAC guidelines on 8 white rice samples (4 of which are the most famous and most popular imported rice and 4 are Iranian rice grown in the northern coasts of the country). The results of this study show that the average concentration of lead in external samples is 0.0013±0.000000000000 mg/kg, internal samples are 0.0012±0.0002 mg/kg, and the average concentration of cadmium in foreign samples is 0.085±0.03 mg/kg, internal samples are 0.085±0.011 mg/kg, and the zinc concentration in samples External 14.95±95 mg/kg, internal samples 29.45±6.45 mg/kg. The average concentration of lead and cadmium in external and internal samples is almost equal and the average concentration of zinc in internal samples is higher than external samples. rtl;">Key words: rice, cadmium, lead, zinc

    1-1 - Statement of the problem:

    Rice is one of the oldest cultivated plants in the world and its origin is Southeast Asia, which occupies the largest area of ??cultivated land in the world after wheat, and plays a significant role in the nutrition of the people of the world and Iran, and about two-thirds of the required calories are more than It supplies more than two billion people of the population of the Asian continent. Currently, there are "tens of thousands of types of rice" in the world, but these are placed in two general subspecies. The two main subspecies include "japonica" rice with the scientific name Oryza sativa japonica and "indica" rice with the scientific name sativa indica. Rice is a plant that has early varieties (growing period 130 to 145 days), medium varieties (150 to 160 days) and late varieties (170 to 180 days). Some believe that the history of rice cultivation in Iran is at least more than 2500 years, and according to some other historians, during the time of Anushirvan, Barzoye Tabib brought this plant to Iran with gifts from India and it was cultivated in Kadosian province (Gilan and Mazandaran). Among the Iranian types, we can include Garde Sadri (including black tail, yellow tail, and red tail), Binam, Ali-Kazemi, Champa, etc. pointed out Sefidroud and Khazar are among the high-yielding varieties (Malkoti et al., 1383).

    Rice is a source of protein in the Asian continent. According to the FAO report, approximately 30% of the energy source and 20% of the protein source of the world's people are provided through the consumption of rice. Of course, it should be noted that with the increase in food sources contaminated with heavy metals and due to the property of the accumulation of these metals on the body tissue and its adverse effects on humans, it is better to use cleaner products (Malkutian et al., 2009). With regard to the ever-increasing population and to meet food needs, focusing on increasing the production per unit area is the most important strategy of the country in agriculture, so that all effective factors in production are used. In the World Food Declaration, soil fertility It has been mentioned as the key to food security and sustainable agriculture, and studies by FAO and researchers of the Soil and Water Research Institute have shown that in the fertilizer program, the increase in production up to 60% was due to the optimal use of fertilizer (Bilali, 1382). Currently, public pollution with heavy metals is increasing, and as a result, the accumulation of these metals in plants and animals, in addition to causing serious damage to the health of organisms, has made the consumption of their products dangerous for the final consumer, i.e., humans (Malkutian et al., 1389).

    Heavy metals in the soil are biologically available and easily transferred to plants.Almost all heavy fluorides have harmful effects on the body, some of these elements are lead, cadmium, and nickel. Even in small amounts, it is toxic and harmless to humans and causes various health problems such as kidney damage, bone damage, cancer, etc. (Ping et al., 2007). Cadmium is one of the most toxic heavy metals available, which prevents the physiological process of the plant. Also, the International Research Agency (IARC) has introduced cadmium metal as a carciogenic agent, and this metal has been introduced as an important factor in causing kidney failure. Most of the rice is grown in the world, maybe it is not necessary. Regardless of the importance, rice in Iran is not covered by anyone, almost the entire northern green area of ??the country is covered with rice, and in the spring of the north, the nature of that area is covered by green and refreshing paddy fields. But behind this spectacular sight, there is another face. About 500 thousand hectares of rice cultivation in the north of the country and its fertilizer needs and lack of proper management show the second face. The sinister face of environmental pollution, health pollution and poisoned space is actually the second face of this nature. Northern farmers believed for many years that the consumption of more types of fertilizers and chemical poisons means more production, and when the shocking statistics of national and international health organizations announced the highest incidence of gastrointestinal diseases, especially cancer, in the north of the country compared to other regions, alarm bells were sounded. Taking its nutritional value and using the amount of micronutrients, especially zinc (Zn), are among the things that are necessary to achieve the above demands. The need to investigate and study the shortcomings of rice and to know the existing shortcomings and upcoming risks and to plan to eliminate all the shortcomings is inevitable. In this research, the contamination of domestic rice with heavy metals (cadmium and lead) and their harms and dangers to health and the sources of transfer of these metals to the plant have been investigated, as well as the comparison of the amount of these metals with imported high consumption rice. With the hope that with proper planning and efficient management, we can one day achieve self-sufficiency in the production of healthy rice by eliminating all the shortcomings of rice, including contamination with heavy metals.

    1-3- Objectives, hypotheses and research questions

    Research objectives (general objectives, specific objectives):

    Measuring the amount of heavy metals lead, cadmium and zinc in the types of rice available in the market (domestic and imported) by atomic absorption spectrometry method with oven ([1] GFAAS).

    Research hypotheses:

    1- The amount of heavy metals lead and cadmium in domestic rice in the market (Hashmi, Shiroudi, Tarem, organic) is more than the permissible limit of the Iranian standard.

    2- The amount of heavy metals The lead and cadmium of foreign rice available in the market (Indian sprout, Indian Mohsen, Indian Spring Sabz, a Pakistani type) is more than the permissible limit of Iran's standard. Imported rice is more than Iranian rice and supplies the plant's needs.

  • Contents & References of Simultaneous extraction and measurement of heavy metals lead, cadmium and zinc in rice

    List:

    Abstract: B

    List of tables C

    List of figures D

    List of contents E

    Chapter 1: Generalities 1

    1-1-Statement of the problem: 2

    1-3-Objectives, hypotheses and research questions 4

    Chapter II: Review of sources 6

    2-1- History 7

    2-2-chemical compounds of rice 8

    2-2-1-rice starch 8

    2-2-2-grain protein 9

    2-2-3-fat 10

    2-2-4-vitamin 10

    2-2-5-minerals 10

    2-3-Classification of rice cultivars according to climate type 11

    2-3-1-Indica type 11

    2-3-2-Japonica type 12

    2-3-3-Javanica type 12

    2-4-Classification of rice cultivars in terms of botany 12

    2-4-1-long grain rice 12

    2-4-2-medium grain rice 12

    2-4-3-round or short grain rice 13

    2-5-rice grain quality 13

    2-5-1-transformation quality 13

    2-5-2-grain size 14

    2-5-3-Grain appearance 14

    2-5-4-Cooking quality 15

    2-5-5-Nutritional quality of rice 15

    2-6-Knowledge of different varieties of rice common in the consumer market of the country 15

    2-6-1-Amount of aroma, smell and taste of rice 16

    2-7-Inspection of the country's rice production status and amount of import 16

    2-7-1-Acreage under rice cultivation and production 16

    2-7-2-Rice imports 18

    2-7-3-Rice consumption in the country 18

    2-8- Food systems - plant - soil in rice 20

    2-8-1- Mandabi cultivation system 20

    2-8-2-soil system 20

    2-8-3-redox potential 21

    2-8-3- oxidation and reduction zones in soil 21

    2-8-5-rice plant system 22

    2-8-5-1-anatomy of roots 22

    2-8-6-physiological compatibility: 23

    2-8-7- The power of greening in flooded conditions: 23

    2-9-1 Rice anatomy: 24

    2-10-Rice nutrition and fertilizer management: 26

    2-10-1-Nitrogen 27

    2-10-2-Phosphorus 28

    2-10-2-1 Importance of phosphorus In rice nutrition: 28

    2-10-2-2-phosphorus deficiency symptoms in rice 29

    2-10-3-potassium 30

    2-10-4-zinc 30

    2-10-5-calcium 32

    2-10-6-magnesium 33

    2-10-7-sulphur 33

    2-11-Integrated food management 34

    2-11-1-Different organic sources, supplementing chemical fertilizers 34

    2-11-2-Usage of industrial waste and biological waste water 34

    2-11-3-Features of effective fertilization 35

    2-11-4-Rice green manure 36

    2-11-5-Azolla enriching rice soil nitrogen 36

    2-11-6-optimum amount of nutrients in soil, leaves and rice seeds 36

    2-12-Irrigation water contamination 38

    2-13-Rice conversion process 39

    2-13-1-Drying: 40

    2-13-2-semi-boiling 40

    2-13-3-cleaning 41

    2-13-4-peeling machines 41

    2-13-5-rice whiteners 41

    2-13-6-polishing machines 42

    2-13-7- Grading of rice 42

    2-14- Lead toxicology 43

    2-14-1- Lead 43

    2-14-3- Lead toxicokinetic 44

    2-14-3-1- Lead absorption 45

    2-14-3-2- Lead accumulation in the body 46

    2-14-3-3-Disposal 46

    2-14-4- Ways of poisoning 47

    2-14-5- Mechanism of poisoning 48

    2-14-6- Effects of poisoning from lead compounds 48

    2-14-7- Effects of lead on different organs 49

    2-14-7-1- Blood 49

    2-14-7-2- Nervous system 50

    2-14-7-3- Digestion 51

    2-14-7-4- Reproduction 51

    2-14-7-5- Kidney 51

    2-14-7-6- Skeletal system 52

    2-14-7-7 placenta and fetus 52

    2-14-8- poisoning with organic lead solutions 53

    2-14-9- lead carcinogenesis 53

    2-14-10- diagnosis of lead poisoning 54

    2-14-11- treatment of lead poisoning 54

    2-14-12- lead limit 55

    2-15- cadmium toxicology 55

    2-15-1- cadmium 55

    2-15-2- cadmium consumption 56

    2-15-2-1- ways of cadmium poisoning 57

    2-15-3- Cadmium toxico-kinetic 59

    2-15-3-1-Absorption 59

    2-15-3-2- Cadmium accumulation in the body 60

    2-15-3-3- Excretion 60

    2-15-4- Symptoms of poisoning 61

    2-15-5- Effects of cadmium on body organs 62

    2-15-5-1-Kidney 62

    2-15-5-2- Skeletal system 62

    2-15-5-3- Reproductive system 63

    2-15-5-4- Respiratory system 63

    2-16- Cadmium carcinogenesis 63

    2-17-Cadmium poisoning 64

    2-17-3- Poisoning treatment 65

    2-18- Cadmium limit 65

    2-19- Atomic spectroscopy methods 66

    2-19-1- Atomic absorption 66

    2-19-2- Device specifications 67

    2-19-3- Furnace 69

    Chapter 3: Materials and methods 75

    3-1- Materials and equipment 76

    3-2-Work method 77

    3-3-Measurement of zinc in domestic rice soil 78

    3-4-Method of measurement of lead and cadmium in Iranian rice soil 79

    3-5- Method of measuring lead and cadmium in water 79

    3-6- Measurement of cadmium 80

    3-7- Measurement of lead 80

    3-8- Measurement of zinc 80

    3-9- Measurement of moisture percentage of rice 81

    3-10- Method of statistical analysis 82

    Chapter four: and discussion 83

    4-1- Investigating the measured properties of rice 84

    4-1-1- Lead concentration 84

    4-1-2- Cadmium concentration 86

    4-1-3- Zinc concentration 87

    4-1-4- Thousand grain weight 88

    4-1-5- Moisture percentage 90

    2-4-Investigation of zinc, cadmium and lead levels in rice paddy soils in the north of the country 91

    4-3-Investigation of zinc, cadmium and lead levels in water used in irrigation 92

    Chapter five: conclusions and suggestions 94

    5-1- Conclusions 95

    5-2- Suggestions 98

     

    Source:

    1- Ahmadizadeh, M., 1376, Industrial Toxicology (Heavy Metals), 1st edition, Zahsan Publications, pp. 11-16, 95-90. 2- Akhot, M. and d. a lawyer Rice, planted, had, harvested. Farabi Publications. 1376. p.212

    3-Idrisi, M., Derakhshi, P., Zolriyastin, F., Rambad, R., Sohrabi, M., Sharif, M., Samimi, H., and Vakanor, A., 1974, Instrumental Chemistry, First Edition, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, pp. 156-171.

    4- Ismaili, M., Vebidari, A., 1371, Poisoning and Environmental Accidents, first edition, Danesh Pajoh Publications, pp. 68-70.

    5- Bilali, M. R. etc. R. Amini Ranjbar 1382. Global food security and the role of sustainable soil fertility in it. World congress on food security and the role of sustainable soil fertility in it, Rome, Italy.

    6- Bahmanyar, M. A. and S. H. Ahmadiyya 1380. The interaction of potassium and zinc on the growth and yield of Tarem rice (in: Melkoti, M. J. and M. Kavousi. Balanced nutrition of rice. Ministry of Jihad Agriculture - Vice President of Agriculture. 1383 p. 611.

    7- Timbrell, J., Introduction to toxicology, translated by: Amoli, S., first edition, Jihad University Press, 2000 p. 1378-1.

    8- Payan, R. Moghadama E. To the technology of grain products. Second edition. Aizh Publications 1387 p. 363

    9- Sanai, G., 1375, Industrial toxicology, volume 4, Tehran University Press, pp. 228-180

    10- Javad Moin M. Preliminary principles of rice cultivation. Publications of the Agricultural Extension Organization.

    11- Zamani Q, Alizadeh M. Characteristics and products of cultivars The first edition of Palak. 12-Rajo, M. and Baba Akbari. The first edition of the country's agricultural engineering and resources organization. 1380 14-Fatemi, publishing company, 1381. 15-Falah, and N. Shalizar. Publications of the country's rice research institute - Mazandaran vice-province. p.21

    16- Qasimkhan, A., 1386, Industrial Toxicology, Bari Farda Publications, pp. 147-130.

    17- Alizadeh S.J. Balanced nutrition of rice. Sena Publications. 1383. p. 3

    18- Ayuzzadeh A. Laboratory of food analysis chemistry. Varamin Azad University Publications 1386. p. 47-42

    19- Mohammadian, M. Investigating the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer and increasing it in rice. The final report of the research project, publications of the country's rice research institute - Mazandaran vice-province, 1384. p.65

    20- Malkouti, M. c. 1378. The necessity of optimal use of fertilizer to increase the yield of high-yielding rice cultivars (second part). Publication No. 71. The Supreme Policy Council for Reducing the Consumption of Poisons and Optimum Use of Chemical Fertilizers of the Ministry of Agriculture. 21- Malkoti, M. c. 1381. Investigating the origin and methods of reducing nitrate and cadmium pollutants in rice fields in the north of the country. The final report of the research project, soil and water research institute, Tehran, Iran. 22- Malkouti, M. J., Nafisi, M., and Motsharazadeh, B., 1380, national determination to produce fertilizer in the country, first edition, Babak Publications, p. 15.

    23- Malkouti, M.J., Kavousi, M.

Simultaneous extraction and measurement of heavy metals lead, cadmium and zinc in rice
How To Access The File
Related Contents:
Number of pages: 103 Category: Biology - Environment

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.SC) Major: Chemistry and Essential Oil Technology Farsi Summary Introduction: Soil contamination with heavy metals is an important issue that these toxic elements can be transferred in the terrestrial ecosystem and have a potential risk to the quality of food and health, the environment. Soil pollution with heavy toxic metals has increased ...

Number of pages: 103 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A) in the field of Natural Geography, Climate Hazards Abstract Dust storms are destructive weather phenomena that cause irreparable damage to urban areas, fields, facilities, roads, etc. every year. This phenomenon is affected by special weather conditions, and if the mechanism of its development and expansion is known, it is possible to ...

Number of pages: 58 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for M.A. Orientation: Natural Geography (Geomorphology-Hydrology) Abstract The increasing population growth followed by the development of industrial activities on the one hand and non-compliance with environmental requirements on the other hand, has caused huge amounts of pollutants to enter the environment in the last few decades. Accumulation of some dangerous ...

Number of pages: 58 Category: Geography - Urban Planning

Dissertation for M.A. Orientation: Natural Geography (Geomorphology-Hydrology) Abstract The increasing population growth followed by the development of industrial activities on the one hand and non-compliance with environmental requirements on the other hand, has caused huge amounts of pollutants to enter the environment in the last few decades. Accumulation of some dangerous ...

Number of pages: 85 Category: Physical Education - Sports

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Physical Education and Sports Sciences - Sports Physiology Abstract: Background and Objective: During metabolic changes during pregnancy, the mother's contact with heavy metals is considered very important for placental function and fetal health. But it has been assumed that endurance training by affecting the activity of metalloproteins such ...

Number of pages: 150 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of chemical engineering. Abstract of the laboratory study of cadmium removal from drinking water. Today, the pollution of natural waters with heavy metals has caused concern in many countries of the world due to the destructive effects it has on living organisms. Cadmium enters drinking water through sewage and erosion of mineral rocks and effluents ...

Number of pages: 56 Category: Food and Packaging Industries

Abstract This research was conducted in order to investigate the absorption characteristics of cobalt, cadmium and nickel metals using lemon peel. The effect of different parameters such as solution pH, amount of adsorbent, contact time and temperature on the absorption process was investigated and the optimal operating conditions for the absorption of each element on the ...

Number of pages: 113 Category: Biology - Environment

Dissertation for receiving a Master's degree (M.Sc.) specialization: Environment Abstract Gaseous liquids obtained from the refining of sour gases are also sour and contain a large percentage of hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans. Therefore, after distilling and preparing the products, it needs refining processes to remove or reduce the amount of sulfur and mercaptans present. ...

Number of pages: 101 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Master's Thesis in the field of Nano Chemical Engineering Abstract Removal of phenol from industrial effluents using nanotechnology In this research, the photocatalytic removal of phenol as a model of organic pollutant in a fluidized bed reactor under ultraviolet and visible radiations has been studied. The effects of important parameters such as pH, catalyst concentration, ...

Number of pages: 79 Category: Facilities - Mechanics

Introduction Engineers are always looking for better quality. In mathematics and computer science, it is the process of choosing or finding the best member in the sets of available options. Every process has the potential to be optimized and complex problems can be modeled as optimization problems in the fields of engineering, economic and business sciences. The goal of modeling ...