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  3. The effect of planting densities on yield and yield components of sesame cultivars

The effect of planting densities on yield and yield components of sesame cultivars

Number of pages: 43 File Format: word File Code: 32358
Year: Not Specified University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Density - Oil percentage - Oil seeds - performance - Protein - Sesame cultivars - sesame oil
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  • Summary of The effect of planting densities on yield and yield components of sesame cultivars

    Abstract

    In order to investigate the effect of planting densities on the yield and yield components of sesame cultivars (Moghan-Poldasht-Karaj) in an experimental manner, it was implemented in a factorial manner in the form of a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The first factor included four density levels (5, 10, 15, 20 cm row spacing) and the second factor included 3 sesame cultivars (Poldasht, Moghan and Karaj). The results of the variance analysis of the studied traits showed that both variety and density had a significant effect on most of the studied traits. According to the average data comparison, it was observed that the highest plant height was obtained from the Peldasht variety, which had no statistically significant difference with the Moghan variety, and the lowest height was related to the Karaj variety. In terms of planting distances, it was also observed that the highest height of the plant was related to the planting distance of 20 cm and the lowest height was allocated to the distance of 5 cm. The highest percentage of oil and protein and seed yield was obtained from the Peldasht cultivar, and the lowest percentage of oil and protein and seed yield was also related to the Karaj cultivar. In terms of planting distances, it was also observed that the highest percentage of oil was related to the planting distance of 10 cm and the lowest percentage of oil was allocated to the distance of 5 cm. Also, the highest percentage of protein was related to the planting distance of 5 cm, and the lowest percentage of protein was assigned to the distance of 15 cm. In terms of planting distances, the highest seed yield was related to the planting distance of 15 cm, which had no difference with the 10 cm planting distance treatment, and the lowest seed yield was assigned to the 5 cm distance.

    Key words: sesame cultivars, density, yield, percentage of oil and protein.

    Introduction and purpose

    The planting of oil seeds has been the attention of farmers in eastern countries for a long time, and some of them were considered among the major export items of these countries. Iran is one of the countries where the cultivation of some oilseeds like sesame, castor, safflower and sunflower has a long history (Behdani and Rashid Mozal, 1377). But despite this long history and the existence of many potentials in the field of oilseeds production, not much progress has been achieved in this field. Recently, due to the country's increasing need for oil, sesame can be considered as an important industrial and oil plant (Daily et al., 1991). In order to achieve optimal performance, in addition to increasing soil fertility and using improved cultivars, it is necessary to provide sufficient moisture through irrigation and adjust plant density per unit area. The efficiency of absorbing radiant energy depends on the amount of leaf surface and the distribution of leaves inside the shade of the crop plant (Ghosh, 2000). In this connection, the most important plant factor that is effective on the plant's response to density is its ability to repair and its flexibility in creating pregnant branches (Behdani and Rashid Mozal, 2017; Carpenter and Bird, 1997). There are many reports about the effect of different plant densities on the yield and yield components of sesame (Ashok et al., 1992; Chiman Afhid and Dobleh, 1992; Kasanmootri and Balabramanian, 1992; Dali and Singh, 1982). By increasing the density up to 50 plants per square meter, an increase in yield has been reported. The results of some studies indicate the effect of plant density per unit area on the number of capsules per plant (Ashok et al., 1992; Sarkar and Sanyal, 2000; Gangard et al., 1991). Also, a positive correlation has been observed between the plant density per unit area and the number of capsules per unit area (Chiman Afhid and Dobleh, 1992). There are conflicting reports about the effect of plant density per unit area on plant height (Duta et al., 2000; Esi Bensu, 1977) so that Ashok et al. (1992) reported that plant density per unit area has no effect on plant height, but Gangard et al. (1991) stated that with an increase in plant density per unit area, plant height increases. Oil yield is a genetic trait but is influenced by environmental conditions and plant density (Sarkar and Sanyal, 2000; Kumar et al., 1996). Oil yield has a positive relationship with seed yield, so that as seed yield increases at high densities, oil yield also increases (Dilip and Roy, 1991; Gangard et al., 1991; Kharwara and Bindra, 1992). Ghosh et al. (1994) studied the effect of density on sesame properties and reported that the percentage of sesame oil is not affected by density.

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    First chapter: General and Review of sources

    1-1- Sesame

    Sesame Seasamum indicum belongs to the Tubiflorae order and the Pedaliaceae family, which has 16 genera and about 60 species.

    1-2- History of sesame cultivation

    Sesame is one of the oldest seeds known to mankind. Although it seems that the origin of this seed goes back to India and the African continent, the first manuscripts related to this seed belong to the Assyrian civilization around 3000 BC. The Greek historian Herodotus (425-484 BC) mentions this plant in Mesopotamia in his works, and Watt considers the main origin of sesame to be Asia and Iran. In the oldest information, it can be found that it was cultivated in Iran by the rulers of the city of Ur between 2000-2130 BC, i.e. 4000 years ago, which proves that Iran was one of the main places for sesame cultivation (Mansouri, 1381). rtl;">Sesame seed has a high nutritional value due to its high amount of protein and oil. Sesame seeds also have large amounts of carbohydrates, fiber and minerals. The composition of sesame seeds is listed in Table No. 1-1 (Mansouri, 2011).

    The range of variation in the amount of sesame seed oil (37-63%) is very wide depending on the effects of genotype and environment. White seeds usually have more oil. The amount of skin has a negative correlation with the amount of oil. Peeled sesame seed contains about 55% oil. About 75-80% of sesame produced in the world is used for oil extraction. Two percent of the production is used as seed for planting and the rest is directly used as food (Beynam, 1378).

    1-4- The quality of sesame oil

    Sesame oil has an amber or dark yellow color and its smell and taste are favorable. The value of sesame oil has been proven since ancient times for cooking and other uses. Sesame oil for frying food has exceptional durability. The general properties of sesame oil are listed in Table 2. 65% of the global production of sesame is used to produce oil and 35% of it is consumed as food (Shokufar, 2010).

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    Behdani, M. A., and M. H. Rashed Mozhal. 1377. Investigating the effect of compaction on yield and yield components of three sesame cultivars. Journal of Sciences and Industries. 57- Agriculture. c. 12. p. 63

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The effect of planting densities on yield and yield components of sesame cultivars
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