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  3. Investigating the effect of planting date and plant density on the growth and yield of three potato cultivars in Majen region (Shahroud

Investigating the effect of planting date and plant density on the growth and yield of three potato cultivars in Majen region (Shahroud

Number of pages: 76 File Format: word File Code: 32357
Year: 2013 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Density - gland function - handling - Performance of three potato cultivars - planting - planting date - potato - Potato cultivars - Potato cultivars
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  • Summary of Investigating the effect of planting date and plant density on the growth and yield of three potato cultivars in Majen region (Shahroud

    Dissertation for Master's Degree in Agriculture

    Abstract

    In order to investigate the effect of planting date and density on the growth characteristics and yield of potato cultivars, an experiment was conducted during 2013 in Majen city of Shahrood city. The experiment was carried out in the form of factorial split-plot design based on randomized blocks in three replications. The main plots included three levels of planting dates (May 15, June 15, June 15) and plant density treatments at three levels (3.8 plants per square meter, 5.33 plants per square meter, and 9.25), plants and cultivars at three levels (Alpha (late), Agria (mid-ripe) and Arinda (early)) were placed in sub-plots. During the growing season, the necessary notes were recorded and the final product after removing the margins was harvested from the surface of 2 thousand square meters of each plot, and the yield and yield tools were determined. The results of analysis of variance showed that the number of leaves per plant decreased with the delay in the planting date. Also, the percentage of dry matter and yield decreased by 18.16 and 10%, respectively. In late planting (July 15), the percentage of smaller tubers increased and the percentage of tubers larger than 55 mm decreased. Agria cultivar was superior to other cultivars by having fresh and dry weight of leaves, plant height, dry weight of shoot, tuber weight per plant, yield and percentage of tubers larger than 55 mm. By increasing the density to 9.25 plants, the number of main stems, fresh and dry weight of leaves and stems, dry weight of aerial parts, and weight of tubers per plant decreased. The highest yield was obtained at a density of 5.33 plants per square meter with 35.18 tons per hectare. The indicators measured in a single plant, such as dry and wet weight of shoot, yield of a single plant, number of stems in a plant, showed better results in low density (3.8 plants). The interaction effect of planting date in cultivar on main stem number, leaf number, fresh and dry weight of leaf and stem, plant height, dry weight of shoot, weight of tubers per plant, yield and size of tubers was significant. In general, in most of the indicators, on the first planting date, the late variety Alpha showed better results. The early ripening cultivar Arinda was the least affected by the delay in planting (July 15). The highest yield was obtained on the planting date of May 15 in the Alpha variety (41.9 tons) and the planting date on June 15 in the Agria variety with (41.54 tons). style="direction: rtl;">Potato is one of the tuberous products that plays a very important role in the nutrition of the people of the world, due to its very high yield, energy and the amount of protein produced per unit area is more than wheat and rice (Khajepour, 2013). In terms of energy production, potato produces the highest amount of energy per unit area after sugar beet and has the highest yield of dry matter after beetroot. In other words, no food source can be found that can compete with potato in terms of energy production and nutritional value (Lesinska and Lesziski, 1989).

    According to United Nations reports, 800 million people of the world's population (14% of the total population) are suffering from food poverty. This number will reach one billion people by 2020. On the other hand, despite the full use of natural resources and available facilities, humanity is facing limited resources to increase agricultural production. The United Nations called 2008 the year of the potato and has mentioned the potato as a hidden gem. This title is due to the prominent role that this food has in solving global crises such as hunger and poverty. Many experts believe that planting potatoes is the only solution to fight widespread hunger in the world. Potato is the fourth most consumed food product in the world and after wheat, rice and corn, it is the most widely used. The importance of potato is not limited to its consumption as a food item in the nutrition system and it is also mentioned as one of the sources of supplying some chemicals used in the industry (FAO, 2008). Potato is an important part of agricultural production in developing countries. For this reason, increasing its performance leads to increasing income efficiency, improving food security and preventing new lands from being cultivated for food production.Therefore, increasing the yield of this product and including it more in the diet of the Iranian people can reduce the existing pressure for the production of wheat and rice while providing the possibility of better nutrition (FAO, 2008). In terms of the length of the growth period (planting to ripening), cultivars are divided into early ripening groups 90 to 120 days, mid ripening 120 to 150 days, and late ripening cultivars 150 to 180 days. Therefore, the precociousness of the cultivars in one region should be measured with each other. Choosing the right variety for each area should be done according to the marketability and uses of the tuber, common diseases, the length of the existing effective growing season (the earliest possible planting date to the last harvest time and the rate of accumulation of the heat unit required for the variety) and the appropriate time to present the product to the market (according to the price and performance of the product) (Khajepour, 2013). It depends a lot, it becomes necessary to check the suitability and adaptation of the growth period of cultivars with different climates.  Also, due to the different reaction of potato cultivars to plant density, the combination of cultivar and plant density should be researched (Rashidi, 2008).

    One ??of the important factors in potato growth and yield is planting date. Tuber production and quality in potato is affected by several factors including moisture, weather and nutritional stresses (Lewi, 1995). The effect of temperature fluctuations on the growth and abnormality of the tubers and their unfavorable quality in a specific geographical area is related to the climate characteristics of the region and is beyond the farmer's control. However, if by adopting the appropriate planting date in each region, it is possible to avoid the collision of growth stages with temperature stress and to change the possible conditions in favor of optimal tuber formation in potatoes, it is possible to prevent the resulting damage to the quality of the produced tubers and at the same time to improve the production quantity (Sidi Koeh et al., 1990). Also, one of the factors of successful production of potato cultivation is the calculation of market conditions and the appropriate selling price, which is possible only by combining the date of planting and the appropriate variety used.

    The density of plants per hectare has a great impact on the rate of tuber reproduction, so that the density of planting affects some important characteristics of the plant, such as total yield, tuber size distribution, and tuber quality (Samuel, 2004). With the increase of plant density (plant population), the number of stems obtained from one seed tuber is reduced and also the number of tubers produced per stem decreases (Bohl, 2006).

    Given the advantages of determining the best planting date and type of variety along with the most suitable planting density for different potato cultivars, in order to check how these treatments work on experimental potato plants, design and hypotheses were proposed. This study was conducted in Mojn city located in Semnan province, to evaluate the effect of planting date and plant density on growth characteristics and yield of potatoes in 2014. The experiment was designed in split-plot factorial based on a randomized block design with three replications. Main plots consisted of three sowing dates (15 May, 15 June, 15 July) and plant density treatments at three levels (3.8 plants per square meter, 5.33 plants per square meter and 9.25) and Alpha (late), Agria (the clay) and Rynda (early) were the subplots. All notes were recorded during the growing season. The final product and utility functions were determined after removing the margins of the two thousand square meters for each harvest plot. Analysis of variance showed that the number of leaves per plan decreased with delay in planting date. The percentage of dry matter and yield decreased by 18.16 and 10% respectively. In late planting (June 15), smaller tubers increased in size and larger tubers decreased from 55 mm. Agria, having a dry weight of leaves, plant height, shoot dry weight, weight of tubers per plant and yield of tubers larger than 55 mm than the other varieties was superior.

  • Contents & References of Investigating the effect of planting date and plant density on the growth and yield of three potato cultivars in Majen region (Shahroud

    List:

    The first chapter of the introduction. 1

    Chapter II 5

    Checking sources. 5

    2-1- Potatoes. 6

    2-1-1- History. 6

    2-1-2-    Importance   8

    2-1-3-    Botany. 10

    2-1-4-    Compatibility. 11

    2-1-5-    Cultivation of potato plant. 13

        Chapter 3 Materials and methods 14

    3-1- Details of the project implementation location. 28

    3-2- Used experimental design. 28

    3-3- Farm operations. 29

    3-3-1- Planting. 29

    3-3-2- 30

    3-4-   studied traits. 30

    3-5- Calculations and statistical analysis. 31

         Chapter IV, results and discussion. 32

    4-1- Growth analyses. 33

    4-1-1-    Leaf area index (LAI) 33

    4-1-2-    CGR crop growth rate. 36

    4-1-3-    Relative growth rate of RGR. 39

    4-2- Number of main stem. 41

    4-3- Number of leaves. 43

    4-4- Wet and dry weight of leaves. 44

    4-5- Wet and dry weight of the stem. 47

    4-6- The height of the plant. 49

    4-7- Dry weight of shoot. 53

    4-8- The number of tubers in the plant. 55

    4-9- The weight of the tuber in the plant. 56

    4-10% of dry matter. 58

    4-11- Performance. 59

    4-12- The size of the glands 64

    5- The fifth chapter. 71

    5-1- Conclusion. 70

    5-2- Proposals. 72 Sources. Ministry of Agriculture, Vice President of Planning and Support, General Directorate of Statistics and Information.

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Investigating the effect of planting date and plant density on the growth and yield of three potato cultivars in Majen region (Shahroud
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