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  3. Estimating the cost of destruction of underground water resources due to overharvesting with an emphasis on cropping (a case study of wheat growers in Arsanjan city)

Estimating the cost of destruction of underground water resources due to overharvesting with an emphasis on cropping (a case study of wheat growers in Arsanjan city)

Number of pages: 78 File Format: word File Code: 32356
Year: 2013 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: After water treatment - Estimating the cost of destruction - Groundwater - saltiness - Surface resources - Underground resources - Underground water tables
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  • Summary of Estimating the cost of destruction of underground water resources due to overharvesting with an emphasis on cropping (a case study of wheat growers in Arsanjan city)

    Dissertation for receiving a Master's degree (M.Sc.)

    Tension: Agricultural Economics

    Estimation of the cost of destruction of underground water resources due to the overharvesting of Batakid Brashuri

    (Case study: wheat farmers of Arsanjan)

    By: Jalil Khadim al-Hussaini

    Abstract

    Excessive withdrawal from underground water tables due to lack of proper management has led to a decrease in the level of underground water, and since the village economy is based on agriculture and agriculture also depends on water, the decrease in the level of underground water, the well-being of farmers It affects In the present study, first the salinity function, then the production function, and then the cost function and then the welfare function are estimated. The required data has been collected through a sample of 109 farmers in Arsanjan city in the 90-91 crop year. The results of this study show that due to excessive extraction of water resources, the welfare of each farmer decreases by 1,193,560 rials per cubic meter of groundwater level drop. style="direction: rtl;">Introduction

    The population of Iran is increasing, so the demand for food, health services, housing, durable consumer and capital goods is also increasing. The development of agriculture, industry, construction and services sectors increase the demand for water. If this increase in the volume of demand is not managed correctly, the water sector may face an increase in additional demand and inevitably face conflicts and problems related to water allocation in a wider way. It is obvious that this event hinders the sustainable development of the water sector. The private sector has extracted water from underground sources and the public sector has constructed reservoir dams, diversions and water transmission networks. Underground resources have been exploited more than their natural feeding flow. Due to harvesting more than the allowed limit in 176 out of 620 plains of Iran, new wells have been banned. Over-harvesting in areas such as Kerman has caused the destruction of underground water reservoirs and land subsidence, and in Gorgan due to the emptying of freshwater aquifers and the reduction of their water pressure, salty sea water has penetrated into said aquifers and made the remaining water salty. As a result of digging numerous wells and trespassing on the aqueducts, many of them have dried up and their drinking lands have been deprived of a stable flow of water. Therefore, the supply of additional water from surface sources or underground sources will be associated with increasing costs in the future. With this description, the management of water supply in the future through the extraction of new water from surface or underground sources or through the treatment of waste water and polluted water will be very expensive. Therefore, it seems that water demand challenges can be solved through demand management. Even in agricultural uses, water does not reach its best social use in many regions and plains, the lack of water in dry and hot plains requires that crops that consume little water be cultivated. For example, it can be seen that in Khorasan, sugar beet is cultivated, which needs a lot of water. In Khuzestan, where water reserves are more available, this crop is not cultivated in abundance, and sugarcane is planted instead, which requires a lot of water during the period of water scarcity in the rivers.

    Therefore, we must have a special look at underground water resources. This study also aims to estimate the costs of the destruction of underground water resources caused by overharvesting.

    1-1- Statement of the problem

    How are underground water tables formed? Part of the surface water and the water resulting from rainfall enter the soil environment due to the force of gravity and move downwards. The type of rock and soil of the earth is effective in the amount of water penetration and its movement inside the earth. Layers of the earth that have a higher capacity to absorb, store and transport water are called aquifers. Aquifers store water like a tank and form underground aquifers.It should be noted that the formation of an underground water reservoir takes thousands of years, the dimensions of underground aquifers vary from several tens of meters to several hundreds of kilometers. In recent years, in many countries of the world, the withdrawal of water from underground sources has exceeded their annual supply. This means extracting and using water that has been stored in the earth's aquifers for thousands of years. With this, the underground water level will drop day by day and will eventually reach a point where there will be no water for harvesting. The lowering of the underground water level causes the springs, aqueducts, and wells to dry up and endanger life in most areas. It is interesting to know that in 2005 (AD), China, India, and Iran had the largest extraction of underground water resources (Mizani, 2013). It is based on slow consumption pattern. Iran's agriculture is dependent on the extraction of underground water, and over-harvesting of underground water resources in the last few decades has led to a significant decrease in the water table. Iran is located in an arid and semi-arid region with an average rainfall of 250 mm per year and an average annual rainfall of 413 billion cubic meters. This amount of rainfall is 40% less than the annual average of Asia and one third of the average annual rainfall of the world. More than 70% of precipitation evaporates and returns to the atmosphere. The total amount of water in the country after evaporation (and including 8 billion cubic meters of input) is 130 billion cubic meters (ABFA site of Fars province). According to the limitations and geographical conditions, maximum 80% of the above potential can be used. The annual consumption of water in the drinking, agricultural and industrial sectors is 93 billion cubic meters, of which 86 billion cubic meters are allocated to the agricultural sector and 7 billion cubic meters to the drinking and industrial sector. This is while Iran, with about 3.7 million hectares of irrigated cultivation, has the largest area under irrigated cultivation after India, China, America and Pakistan. In 67 plains out of 90 agricultural plains in Fars province, the underground water balance is negative (Fathi Vezibai, 2019). The average rainfall in Fars province in a 20-year period is more than 320 mm per year. The average minimum rainfall of Abadeh is 150 mm and the maximum rainfall of Sarcheshme Qara-Aghaj is 1200 mm. The average annual rainfall in Fars province (area of ??124,000 square kilometers) is about 40 billion cubic meters. Karst sources are the main source of underground water in the province.

    Karst is geologically complex and has its own characteristics. Although in technical terms, the phenomenon of corrosion and dissolution of carbonate rocks (limestone and dolomite) is called karst, but the following definition can be accepted for karst: karst is a phenomenon in the earth's crust, the effects of which exist in various forms such as holes and caves on the surface and under the surface. The cause of such a phenomenon is related to the existence of fractures and the ability to dissolve the rock mass, as a result of which an underground water system can be formed. Infiltration into aquifers due to agricultural return water and other cases is 2.8 billion cubic meters, but the amount of withdrawal from underground water sources (karst and alluvium) is 11.7 billion cubic meters, which includes approximately 84% of agricultural water consumption. Fars province has seven percent of the country's soil and population and supplies more than 13 percent of the country's agricultural products and has an important place in Iran's agriculture. (Abfa Fars website) Fars province has taken the first place in the production of some strategic products, including wheat, for many years, and with the production of about two million tons of wheat per year, it produces 15% of the product needed by the country, but the decrease in rainfall, the continuation of the drought in recent years, and the indiscriminate extraction of underground water tables are among the things that have faced a serious challenge in the water sector in Fars province.

  • Contents & References of Estimating the cost of destruction of underground water resources due to overharvesting with an emphasis on cropping (a case study of wheat growers in Arsanjan city)

    List:

    Abstract 1

    Chapter One: General Research

    Introduction. 3

    1-1- statement of the problem. 4

    1-2- The importance of research. 7

    1-3- research objectives. 7

    1-4- research assumptions. 7

    1-5- Definitions. 8

    1-5-1- Wheat. 8

    1-5-2- Suitable climate. 8

    1-5-3- The amount of heat and humidity required for growth. 9

    1-5-4- Planting time. 9

    1-5-5- crop rotation. 9

    1-5-6- Cultivars suitable for planting. 10

    1-5-7- Seed required 10

    1-5-8- Plant Height 10

    Page Title

    1-5-9- Proper soil. 10

    1-5-10- fertilizer requirement. 11

    1-5-11- Number of plants in one hectare 11

    1-5-12- Irrigation method. 11

    1-5-13- Amount of water consumed per hectare and irrigation cycle. 12

    1-5-14- Weeds in wheat fields. 12

    1-5-15- Pests and diseases 12

    1-5-16- Weed control 13

    1-5-17- Harmful factors on wheat. 13

    1-5-18- Seed yield. 14

    1-6- The studied area and its conditions. 14

    Chapter Two: Research Background

    Introduction. 17

    2-1- Internal studies. 17

    2-2- Studies abroad. 20

    Chapter Three: Materials and Methods

    3-1- Research method. 24

     

     

    Title                                                                                                                                                     . 32

    4-1-1- Irrigation method. 34

    4-1-2- Cultivation method. 36

    4-1-3- Cultivation density. 37

    4-1-3- The number used 38

    4-1-4- The amount of annual flushing. 39

    4-2- Inferential analysis of data 40

    4-2-1- Estimation of salinity functions and its results. 40

    4-2-2- wheat production function. 43

    4-2-3- Calculation of the explicit cost of rinsing. 47

    4-2-4- The optimal harvest size in free competition mode. 48

    4-2-5- The optimal size of withdrawal in the mode of applying management. 48

    4-2-6- Cost function. 50

    4-3-6-1- function of water extraction cost for wheat production. 50

    4-3-7- Welfare function 52

    4-3-7-2- The effect of underground water salinity on the welfare of society. 54

    Page Title

    Chapter 5: Conclusion and Topics

    Results. 56

    Suggestions 59

    List of sources and sources

    Persian sources. 61

    English sources. 66

    Source:

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Estimating the cost of destruction of underground water resources due to overharvesting with an emphasis on cropping (a case study of wheat growers in Arsanjan city)
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