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  3. Investigating the change in vibration behavior due to the inclusion of memory material fibers in the composite sheets of the car body

Investigating the change in vibration behavior due to the inclusion of memory material fibers in the composite sheets of the car body

Number of pages: 124 File Format: word File Code: 32327
Year: 2009 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Facilities - Mechanics
Tags/Keywords: Composite plates - Composite sheets - Fiber memory material - Hybrid composite sheet - Nonlinear finite element - Sandwich sheets - SMA hardness - Vibrating behavior
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  • Summary of Investigating the change in vibration behavior due to the inclusion of memory material fibers in the composite sheets of the car body

    Master's Thesis

    Treatment of car body and structure

    Abstract

    In recent years, many researchers have allocated their attention to a special class of materials, memory materials. The ability to absorb and control vibrations actively or passively, respectively, is affected by the characteristics of shape memory and hysteresis energy loss caused by the pseudo-elastic characteristics of these items. Also, the use of composite materials has grown continuously in recent decades. Although composite materials have many applications at this time, extensive research is still being done to develop this branch. New materials and technologies that have emerged have provided more advanced applications for composite materials. One of these new applications is combining composite materials with memory materials.

              In this research, firstly, the characteristics and applications of memory alloys and the introduction of the research subject were discussed, and then a computer algorithm was used to simulate the experimental stress-strain diagram of SMA materials [1]. In this algorithm, the control variable is strain. The output of this algorithm is the volume fraction of martensite, which is used to calculate the value of the elastic modulus. This algorithm is capable of predicting the quasi-elastic behavior in the outer and inner loops of energy hysteresis.

             First, using this algorithm, the bending behavior of the composite sheet reinforced by memory fiber is studied. For this purpose, the finite element method and the first order shear theory have been used in von Karman's nonlinear relationships. In this section, the effect of different parameters of the sheet, including volume percentage of memory fiber, types of composite layer arrangement, aspect ratio and types of boundary conditions on the bending behavior and stresses applied to the composite sheet reinforced by memory fibers are investigated. Also, the bending behavior of the composite sheet with ordinary metal fibers has been compared with the composite sheet with memory fibers. In the following, the direct time integral method of Newmark [2] is used for the dynamic analysis of the composite sheet reinforced by memory fibers, and the effects of memory on the change of the vibration behavior of the sheet in two step and harmonic loads are investigated. At the end, the results of the different parts of the research are reviewed and suggestions for further research are presented in line with the research topic.

     

    1.1-Introduction

    Along with the rapid growth of science and technology in recent decades, the need for new materials that help engineers in designing and building engineering structures is strongly felt everywhere in the industry; Materials that can be used in various fields of engineering and by improving the desired properties, give better characteristics in practice.

    One ??of the important factors that has caused the progress and expansion of industries in various fields is the emergence of new materials. Access to materials such as composites and memory alloys all show this. Meanwhile, smart materials, which are the basis for the creation of smart structures, have played a very important role in the optimization and development of industries.

    One ??of the latest achievements in structural engineering and materials in the field of smart structures is adaptive materials [1]. By using direct and reverse effects, these structures provide conditions for adapting the structure to its surrounding environment. Meanwhile, memory materials [2] have a significant contribution. Memory alloy materials are widely used as elements of advanced mechanical structures due to their special mechanical behavior, such as memory effect, quasi-elastic effect, and temperature-dependent material properties. Next, we will examine composite materials as well as memory materials and recent research on this matter. 1.2 Research Background

    Mark Pietrzakowski [4] in 2000 [2], analyzed the changes of dynamic properties of rectangular composite plates and sandwich plates containing layers reinforced by SMA fibers. He used the strong change of SMA hardness due to temperature for quasi-active control. Travis [5] and colleagues in 2001 [3] tried to make and test memory alloy hybrid composites. These samples were conventional composite structures that used SMA materials in them. They prepared this sample to validate a thermomechanical model for SMAHC structures. They investigated the behavior of nitinol strain stress, modulus against temperature and regeneration stress against temperature and thermal cycle. 

    Rah and Kim [6] in 2002 [4], used the first-order shear theory and the finite element method for the numerical analysis of low speed impact on SMA hybrid composites.

    Arata Masuda and Mohammad Nouri [7] in 2002 [5], in order to investigate the passive control of vibrations by equipment made with SMA materials, the relationship between the shape of the ring Hysteresis of SMA elements and efficiency of memory materials as damping equipment were evaluated. They found that to obtain the highest efficiency for a given excitation amplitude, the dimensions of the hysteresis loop should be adjusted so that the response passes through the maximum loop but does not exceed it. They also found that to have the best performance, the area enclosed by the hysteresis loop should be as large as possible compared to the entire area under the stress-strain diagram during loading.

    Rah and Kim in 2002 [6], by changing the volume fraction of SMA and increasing the temperature, they minimized the amount of bounce caused by impact on the composite plate reinforced by SMA fibers. They showed that optimizing the volume fraction distribution of SMA fibers plays an important role in reducing the springiness of these plates. Mochan and Silchenko [8] in 2004 [7] presented an analytical solution to the problem of loss of axially symmetric stability of a circular SMA plate under direct phase transition due to compressive force.  

    Rivka Gilat and Jacob Abodi [9] in 2004 [8] obtained the micromechanical equations of unidirectional composites with SMA fibers in a polymer or metal matrix. They used these equations to analyze the nonlinear behavior of composite sheets with infinite width under the effect of sudden thermal load.  

    Park[10] and colleagues in 2004 [9] investigated the vibration behavior of SMA hybrid composite sheet buckled due to heat. Nonlinear finite element equations with first-order shear deformation theory were used in this research. The Von Karman strain relationship was used to calculate the large deflection.

    Mo [11] et al. in 2005 [10], investigated the impact resistance behavior of carbon epoxy composite sheets with superelastic memory alloy wires. They found that adding SMA fibers increased the damage resistance of the composites.  

    Zhang[12] et al. in 2006 [11], composite sheets in two cases with aligned SMA fibers and woven SMA fibers were subjected to impact vibration analysis. They found that by controlling the transformation of the SMA phase from martensite to austenite, it is possible to have a more precise control over the structure's hardness.    

    Shang and Tang Shen [13] in 2007 [12] investigated the free and forced vibrations of smart alloy fiber composites in large deformations.

  • Contents & References of Investigating the change in vibration behavior due to the inclusion of memory material fibers in the composite sheets of the car body

    List:

    1 Introduction and overview of past works. 1

    1.1 Introduction 2

    1.2 Background of the research. 3

    1.3 Introduction of the research topic. 6

    1.4 Research hypotheses. 7

    1.5 Steps of research. 8

    1.6 Important goals and innovations of current research. 8

    1.7 Overview of the presented chapters 9

    2 Basic relationships of materials. 10

    2.1 Introduction 11

    2.2 Composite materials. 11

    2.3 The role of composite in the automotive industry. 12

    2.4 Introduction to memory alloys 15

    2.5 Features and applications of memory alloys 18

    2.6 Memory property. 18

    2.7 Superelasticity property 21

    2.8 Depreciation ability. 23 2.9 types of memory alloys 24 2.10 basic relationships in composite materials. 25

    2.10.1 Governing relations for plane stress. 25

    2.10.2 Types of existing theories for structures 27

    2.10.3 The first order theory for composite plates. 28

    2.10.4 Shear correction factor. 31

    2.10.5 Micromechanics of a unidirectional monolayer. 32

    2.11 Basic relations of memory materials 34

    2.11.1 Micro models 35

    2.11.2 Micro-macro models 35

    2.11.3 Macro models 35

    2.11.4 Arichio superelastic model (1997) 35

    2.11.5 Arichio superelastic model (2003) 36

    2.11.6 Kalt thermomechanical pseudoelastic model (2001) 36

    2.11.7 Silk pseudoelastic model (2002) 37

    2.11.8 The quasi-elastic model of Rezner (2002) 37

    2.11.9 Relative loading and unloading. 38

    3    Formulation of relationships governing the composite sheet reinforced with memory fibers. 43

    3.1 Strain-displacement relationships. 44

    3.2 High-order shear deformation theories. 45

    3.3 First order shear theory (Mindlin-Reisner) 46

    3.4 Finite element modeling. 48

    3.4.1 Elements of serendipity. 48

    3.5 Equations of motion. 50

    3.6 Boundary conditions. 52

    4 Numerical solution methods of equations governing the static and dynamic behavior of memory cards. 53

    4.1 Time solution. 54

    4.2 Newton-Raphsen method. 56

    4.3 Modified Newton-Raphsen method. 60

    4.4 Convergence criterion. 60

    4.5 Newmark method. 62

    4.6 Non-linear dynamic problems. 66

    5 Examining the results of bending analysis of the memory sheet. 68

    5.1 Comparing the results with previous research. 69

    5.2 Definition of the problem. 70

    5.3 Classification of the subjects examined in the problem. 70

    5.3.1 Classification according to the base material. 71

    5.3.2 Classification in terms of boundary conditions. 71

    5.4 Material specifications. 72

    5.5 Investigating the behavior of sheets made of pure SMA materials. 73

    5.6 Investigating the effect of the volume percentage of SMA material on the bending behavior of the memory composite sheet 74

    5.7 Investigating the effect of the type of fiber arrangement on the bending of the memory composite sheet 75

    5.8 Investigating the effect of boundary conditions on the bending of the memory composite sheet 75

    5.9 The effect of aspect ratio on the dimensionless axial stress. 76

    5.10 The effect of aspect ratio on the rise of memory composite sheet 77

    5.11 Examination of stress in the cross section of memory composite sheet 78

    5.12 ??The results obtained from bending analysis. 80

    6 Reviewing the results of the vibration analysis of the memory sheet. 82

    6.1 Review of memory material modeling algorithm 83

    6.1.1 Composite reinforced by memory materials in in-plane loading. 83

    6.1.2 Investigating the effect of temperature 87

    6.1.3 Investigating the dynamic behavior of the modeling algorithm. 88

    6.2 Memory composite sheet under step load. 93

    6.2.1 Effect of memory fiber volume ratio on damping. 95

    6.2.2 The effect of layout on the damping of memory composite sheet 97

    6.2.3 The effect of temperature on the response to step stimulation. 98

    6.3 Memory composite sheet under harmonic load. 99

    7 Conclusions and suggestions. 101

    7.1 Conclusion. 102

    7.2 Presenting a proposal for new research.103

    Sources and references 104

    Source:

    [1] H. Jia, “Impact Damage Resistance of Shape Memory Alloy Hybrid Composite Structures”, Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, May 26, 1998.

    [2] M. Pietrzakowski, “Natural frequency modification of thermally activated composite plates”, Mec. Ind.,1, 313–320, 2000.

    [3] L. T. Turner, C. L. Lach, R. J. Cano, “Fabrication and characterization of SMA hybrid composites”, SPIE 8th Annual International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, Vol. 4333, Paper No. 4333-60, Newport Beach, CA, 4-8 March 2001.

    [4] J. H. Roh, J. H. Kim, “Hybrid smart composite plate under low velocity impact”, Composite Structures, 56, 175–182, 2002.

    [5] A. Masudaa, M. Noori, “Optimization of hysteretic characteristics of damping devices based on pseudoelastic shape memory alloys", International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics, 37, 1375-1386, 2002.

    [6] J. H. Roh, J. H. Kim, "Adaptability of hybrid smart composite plate under low velocity impact", Composites- Part B: Engineering, 34, 117-125, 2003.

    [7] A.A. Movchan, L.G. Sil'chenko, "The stability of a circular plate of shape memory alloy during a direct martensite transformation", Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, 70, 785-795, 2006.

    [8] R. Gilat, J. Aboudi, "Dynamic response of active composite plates: shape memory alloy fibers in polymeric/metallic matrices", International Journal of Solids and Structures, 41, 5717-5731, 2004.

    [9] J. S. Park, J. H. Kim, S. H. Moon, “Vibration of thermally post-buckled composite plates embedded with shape memory alloy fibers”, Composite Structures, 63, 179-188, 2004.

    [10] M. Meo, E. Antonucci, P. Duclaux, M. Giordano, “Finite element simulation of low velocity impact on shape memory alloy composite plates", Composite Structures, 71, 337-342, 2005.

    [11] R. Zhang, Q. Q. Ni, A. Masuda, T. Yamamura, M. Iwamoto, "Vibration characteristics of laminated composite plates with embedded shape memory alloys", Composite Structures, 74, 389-398, 2006.

    [12] R. Yongsheng, S. Shuangshuang, "Large Amplitude Flexural Vibration of the Orthotropic Composite Plate Embedded with Shape Memory Alloy Fibers", Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 20, 415-424, 2007.

    [13] V. Birman, "Shape memory elastic foundation and supports for passive vibration control of composite plates", International Journal of Solids and Structures, 45, 320-335, 2008. [14] S.M.R. Khalili, A. Shokuhfar, F. Ashenai Ghasemi, "Effect of smart stiffening procedure on low-velocity impact response of smart structures", Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 190, 142-152, 2007.

    [15] S.M.R. Khalili, A. Shokuhfar, K. Malekzadeh, F. Ashenai Ghasemi, "Low-velocity impact response of active thin-walled hybrid composite structures embedded with SMA wires", Thin-Walled Structures, 45, 799-808, 2007.

    [16] S. John, M. Hariri, "Effect of shape memory alloy actuation on the dynamic response of polymeric composite plates", Composites: Part A, 39, 769-776, 2008.

    [17] M. C. Piedboeuf, R. Gauvin, "Damping Behavior of Shape Memory Alloys: strain Amplitude, Frequency and Temperature Effects", Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 214, pp. 885-901, 1998.

    [18] F. Auricchio, S. Marfia, E. Sacco, "Modeling of SMA materials: Training and two way memory effects", Computers and Structures, Vol. 81, pp. 2301-2317, 2003.

    [19] D. Stoeckel, The shape memory effect, phenomenon, alloys and applications, Nitinol Devices & Components Inc., 1995.

    [20] Shokohfar Ali, Shokohfar Tolo, "Memory alloys and their application in aerospace industries", 4th conference of Iran Aerospace Society, 647-653, 1381

    [21] E.J. Grasser, F.A. Cozarelli, "Shape memory alloys as new materials for seismic isolation", J. Eng. Mech. ASCE, Vol. 117, No. 11, pp. 590-608, 1991.

    [22] K. Wilde, P. Gardoni, Y.

Investigating the change in vibration behavior due to the inclusion of memory material fibers in the composite sheets of the car body
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