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  3. The effect of planting arrangement and plant density on bean yield in Gilan province

The effect of planting arrangement and plant density on bean yield in Gilan province

Number of pages: 55 File Format: word File Code: 32312
Year: 2016 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Bean yield - beans - Density - make up - performance - Plant density - planting arrangement - Plants of the Fabaceae family
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  • Summary of The effect of planting arrangement and plant density on bean yield in Gilan province

    Academic Thesis for Master's Degree

    Field: Agricultural Engineering, Cultivation and Plant Breeding

    Abstract

    In order to investigate the effect of planting arrangement and plant density on bean yield and yield components, a factorial experiment with a randomized complete block design Three replications were conducted in Soumesara city in 2011: the first factor was planting arrangement in 2 levels (square planting arrangement and rectangular planting arrangement) and the second factor was plant density in 4 levels (31,000, 41,000, 55,000, 80,000 plants per hectare). Plant height, number of lateral stems, number of seeds per pod, seed yield, number of pods per plant, number of fertile stem branches, number of non-fertile stem branches, harvest index, biological yield and weight of 100 seeds were measured. The results of the analysis of variance showed that there was no significant difference between the treatments, except for the dry seed yield trait, in terms of the effect of planting arrangement (P?5%). The results of variance analysis of the effect of plant density on yield were significant for traits such as fresh seed yield, aerial parts yield, biological yield, dry seed yield, and green pod yield. (1% P? ).

    Key words: bean, arrangement, density, yield

    Chapter One

    Introduction

         Plants of the Fabaceae family Having 17 to 32% protein, they play an important role in providing protein materials and producing calories needed by humans. Beans are one of the cold-resistant plants and this plant is a product of the cool season and tolerates up to -5 degrees Celsius. High heat causes embryonic disorders of beans and will result in the fall of flowers and a decrease in the number of seeds in the pod. In bean cultivation, determining the optimal density and the appropriate planting pattern for the optimal use of inputs such as land, water, light and food has a useful and effective role and causes a quantitative and qualitative increase in the yield (Shorgashti, 2017). It seems that paying attention to this important issue has an important and effective role in approaching the ceiling of the production potential of the plant. According to these issues, the weakness in the application of proper agricultural management and the inappropriate use of production inputs and the use of inappropriate equipment, the amount of seed for planting and as a result the inappropriate density of plants per unit area, the inappropriateness of weed control methods are among other problems of leguminous crops (Bagheri et al., 2015). For this reason, plant density and proper planting arrangement have played a significant role in increasing crop yield. The performance of an agricultural plant is affected by several factors and mutual effects, these factors generally include climate, soil, plant and social and economic factors. These factors have been very variable from one region to another and from one year to another and from one season to another in each year and are responsible for fluctuations in crop yield from one region to another (Bagheri et al., 1385). The optimal density depends on various factors, the most important of which are the characteristics of the plant, the length of the growing season, the time and method of planting, soil fertility, plant size, available moisture, solar radiation and pattern. Planting and weed status. In fact, the optimal plant density is a density that results in all the environmental factors of weather and soil being fully used, and at the same time intra-plant and extra-plant competition is at a minimum so as to obtain the maximum possible yield with the desired quality, and on the other hand, this density must have enough space to carry out operations and provide harvest. The arrangement of bushes within a certain density is important (Mahmoudi, 2004).

    As the establishment of an optimal density of healthy bushes in the most appropriate pattern of bush arrangement is the basis of a successful agricultural production system. The arrangement of the bushes or the geometric position of the bushes can be changed by changing the width of the row and the distance between the bushes on the row. Theoretically, choosing narrow rows and increasing the spacing of plants on the row will cause effective use of resources and delay the start of intra-species competition, considering the increase in the cultivated area of ??Barkat variety (beans) in Gilan province in recent years, the necessity of accurate and appropriate determination of plant density per unit area according to planting arrangement seems essential.Because most of the farmers do not know exactly how to plant this variety and after planting, they face excessive vegetative growth of this variety as well as a decrease in pod yield, so one of the other objectives of this study is to determine the best plant density per unit area and also to determine the best planting arrangement for Barkat bean in Gilan province.

    Research objectives:

    1. Increasing the production of more beans in Gilan province.

    2. Determining the most appropriate planting density for planting beans.

    3. Production of high-quality products.

    Research questions:

    Does seed yield increase by increasing or decreasing planting density?

    What is the relationship between planting density and yield?

    Does the number of seeds in the pods indicate planting intervals?

    Will we have the best performance in the square planting arrangement?

    Chapter Two

    Checking sources

    2-1- History and origin of beans

    Agriculture is very old. Seeds of this species have been discovered from Neolithic sites in Spain and Eastern Europe, as well as Bronze Age sites in Sweden and Italy. Beans were cultivated in Europe around 1800 BC. In general, since the obtained remains related to 2000 to 3000 years BC have been discovered in the Mediterranean area, domestication must have been done 1500 to 2000 years before that (Parsa and Abdul Baqeri, 2018). In English, it has many names, including large-grain beans, medium-grain beans, and small-grain beans. Some scientists have divided broad beans into subspecies:

    The subspecies Pao Cjiga1 includes several Indian varieties.

    His subspecies Faba2, which is found in Europe and Asia and is divided into three varieties:[1]

    A- Minor variety3 with small, round, and Pillow-shaped varieties called Pi Tick 4 and Pigeon Bean 5. B- Quina variety 6 with medium-sized, pillow-shaped seeds, 1.5 cm called Horse Bean 7 C- Major variety 8 with large, wide, flat seeds and an average length of 2.5 cm and long pods called Brad Bean or Faba Bean (Majnoun Hosseini, 1375).

    2-2- The area under cultivation and production of beans in Iran and the world

         Beans have an important place among legumes, which are cultivated in more than 50 countries of the world. In the production of beans, China ranked first with 1.550 million tons in 2011, followed by Ethiopia, France, Australia, and England with 697, 344, 349, and 133 million tons (FAO, 2011). Annually, two and a half million hectares of the world's agricultural lands are devoted to the cultivation of beans, and more than 38 million tons of this product are harvested, 60% of the production amount is the share of Asian countries and about 30% is the share of African countries. (FAO, 2011). Iran produces more than 46,000 tons of beans annually on 36,000 hectares of land. Of course, with the harvest of 1278 kg of beans per hectare, our country is 500 kg less than the world average yield (Anonymous, 1390). with three replications in some-sara at 2013. planting pattern at 2 levels (31000, 41000, 55000, and 80000 plants per ha). plant height, no. of lateral branches, no. of the seed per pod, seed yield, no. pod per plant, no. of fertile branches. no. of infertile branches, harvest index, biological yield and weight of 100 seeds. Indicated that planting pattern had no significant effect on measured parameters expected seed yield. But plant density had significant on fresh seed yield, haulm yield, biological yield.

  • Contents & References of The effect of planting arrangement and plant density on bean yield in Gilan province

    List:

    Abstract..1

    Chapter One: Introduction

    Introduction..3

    Chapter Two: Review of Sources

    2-1- History and Origin of Beans.6                                                                    2-2-2-2- Area under cultivation of beans and beans in Iran and the world.. 6                2-3- Economic importance of beans.6                         Bean. 12 2-7-2- The effect of planting arrangement on performance and components of bean yield. 13

    2-8- Plant density. 17

    2-8-1- Effect of plant density on bean growth. 18

    2-8-2- Effect of plant density on bean yield. 20

    2-8-3- Effect of plant density on yield components. Beans. 21

    2-8-4- The effect of plant density on the weight of one hundred bean seeds. 23

    2-8-5- The effect of plant density on bean stem branches. Chapter 3: Materials and Methods 3-1- Geographical and climatic characteristics of the region. 26 3-2- Characteristics of soil and climatic conditions. 26 3-3- Test method. 28 3-4- Examined properties. 28 Chapter 4: Results and discussion. 4-1- Height of the plant..33 4-2- Fertile and non-fertile branching of the stem.33 4-3- Number of pods in the plant.33 4-4- Number of branching of the stem.33 4-5- Grain yield..33 4-6- Function of aerial parts.33 4-7- Biological function. 35

    4-8- Dry seed yield. 36

    4-9- The performance of green pods. 38

    Chapter five: Conclusion and proposal

    5-1- Conclusion..42

    5-2- Suggestions..42

    Resources used..43

    English abstract..47

    List of tables:

    Title

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    2. General Department of Statistics and Information of the Ministry of Agriculture, 2019, Agricultural Statistics 2019-2019. Publications of the Vice-Chancellor of Planning and Budget. 114 pages.

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    14. Salehi, M. Akbari, R. and Sohri, M.B., 2017, review of performance and components, 1387, investigation of red bean yield and yield components due to delay in planting in the middle region, Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Techniques and Natural Resources, No. 43: 105-115.

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    18. Talei, A.R., K. Postini and S. Dovazdeh Emami. 1379 On the physiological characteristics of several pinto bean cultivars. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 31: 477-483.

    19. Ghanbari Birgani, D., R. Generosity., s. Asrosh and P. Chemistry. 2012. Investigating the effects of herbicide use and plant density on weed population and bean yield. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5 (4): 315-327.

    20. Kochaki, Awad. 1376 (translation). To crops and breeds in rainfed agriculture. Mashhad Academic Jihad Publications. 302 pages.

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    24. Kazemi Pushti Sari, h. Pir Dashti, H. and Bahmanyar, M., A. 2016. Investigation of two varieties of beans under the influence of biofertilizers. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 14, (6) 321-324.

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    28. Mahmoudi, M. 1384. The effect of plant density and planting arrangement on seed yield and its components in red bean. The first national legume conference. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Mazaheri, Dariush. 1377. Mixed farming. Tehran University Publications.

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The effect of planting arrangement and plant density on bean yield in Gilan province
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