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  3. Investigation and comparison of micronodulation of early and late varieties of potato plant (Solanum tuberosum L.) under in vitro culture conditions

Investigation and comparison of micronodulation of early and late varieties of potato plant (Solanum tuberosum L.) under in vitro culture conditions

Number of pages: 154 File Format: word File Code: 32307
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Agricultural Engineering
Tags/Keywords: hormone - In vitro culture - Microglandogenesis - potato - Recent figures - seedling - Solanum tuberosum L - tissue culture
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  • Summary of Investigation and comparison of micronodulation of early and late varieties of potato plant (Solanum tuberosum L.) under in vitro culture conditions

    Dissertation (or dissertation) to receive a master's degree in agriculture

    Agricultural biotechnology trend

    Abstract:

    Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the most important nutritious plant after cereals and the fourth major crop in the world after wheat, rice and corn. goes Due to its vegetative reproduction, the potato product is susceptible to contamination by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and viroids, and these pathogens are transmitted to the next vegetative generations as a result of reproduction. In recent years, a potato seed tuber production system has been designed and operated under conditions of in vitro cultivation using potato seedlings or microtubers. Such methods provide the possibility of faster reproduction and provision of a large volume of healthy seed tubers free of pathogens in a short period of time. The purpose of this research is to identify the effect of growth hormones in vitro on the production of potato seedlings and then the production of potato tubers in order to increase the number, size and weight of tubers. Optimizing the cultivation conditions to improve the performance of potato seedlings in glass is another goal of this research. To study the effect of hormonal treatments, 14 independent experiments were used on Savalan, Sante, Agria and Marquis cultivars. First, the effect of six hormones 2iP, BAP, CCC, GA3, Picholoram and NAA was studied in comparison with the culture medium without hormones in order to seedling growth and development and micronodulation. In the second stage, the superior hormones with more favorable concentrations were studied in order to investigate their mutual effect on the growth and development of the seedling and finally the microgland production by the response procedure method in the MS culture medium. According to the results of the optimization of the test treatments, the suitable culture medium for the production of seedlings from Garhai explants for Savalan variety is MS culture medium with a concentration of 1.19 mg/liter GA3 and 0.06 mg/liter NAA, for Sante variety MS culture medium with a concentration of 1.20 mg/liter GA3 and 0.06 mg/liter NAA, for Agria variety MS culture medium with a concentration of 1.20 mg/liter GA3 and 0.06 mg/L of NAA and for the Marquis variety MS culture medium with a concentration of 0.06 mg/L of NAA is recommended. Also, according to the results of the optimization of experimental treatments, suitable culture medium for microgland production and other traits affecting it (size and weight of microgland and the number of eyes in it) for Savalan, Sante and Marquis cultivars, MS culture medium with a concentration of 1000 mg/liter CCC and for Agria variety MS culture medium with a concentration of 999.95 mg/liter CCC are suggested. The comparison of seedling growth for each variety in the optimal culture environment showed that the highest growth rate was related to the Savalan variety and the highest amount of microtube production was related to the Sante variety. The largest production tubers were related to Marquis variety.

    Key words: Potato, seedling, microgland, tissue culture and hormone.

     

     

     

    Chapter One

    General Research

    1- Introduction:

    On a global scale, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is considered one of the most valuable foods and is one of the products that provides a major part of human food needs. Potato is the most important nutritious plant after cereals and is the fourth major crop in the world after wheat, rice and corn (Spooner[1] et al., 2005).

    Due to its high production power and adaptability to a very wide range of climates, potato production as a food source is increasing, so that every year about 320 million tons of potatoes are produced worldwide (FAO[2], 2009). This product is grown in 140 countries, more than 100 of which are located in tropical and subtropical regions. Nevertheless, most production is still concentrated in regions with moderate climate conditions and in industrialized countries. Almost one third of this product is produced in developing countries and mainly in Asian countries (Rezaei and Soltani, 1996)..

    The potato product has a high performance and produces more energy and protein per unit area and time than other food products. Potato is an important source of food for the growing population, it is used fresh, processed, in animal feed and industry, and it is rich in protein, calcium, vitamin C and potassium content (Bowen [3], 2003). The annual production of more than 3.5 million tons in the country has placed this product in the ranks of the most important consumable food item after wheat (Khazaei and Arshadhi, 2008).

    The average per capita consumption in the country is more than 35 kg and its consumption is increasing day by day, and due to the growing population and the cost of other food sources, the need for more production of this product is inevitable (Khazaei and Arshadhi, 2008).

    Despite its numerous advantages, the potato product is susceptible to contamination by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and viroids due to its vegetative reproduction, and these pathogens are transmitted to the next vegetative generations as a result of reproduction. These contaminations can effectively affect the performance and marketability of the product (Tower[4] et al., 1985).

    In natural cultivation conditions, about 25 viruses and one viroid infect potatoes, of which X, Y, A, and S viruses are more effective in infecting potatoes. According to the studies conducted, virus damage to the potato crop is up to 40% (Sedikoi[5] et al., 1996).

    One ??of the ways that largely solves the problem of reducing the yield of the potato crop due to plant pathogens, especially viruses, is the use of healthy potato seeds (Stroke[6], 2007). In recent years, a potato seed tuber production system has been designed and operated under conditions of cultivation in glass [7] using potato seedlings or microtubers. Such methods provide the possibility of faster reproduction and the provision of a large volume of healthy seed tubers free of pathogens in a short period of time (Biokma [8] and Zag [9], 1990). Seedlings and tubers free from pathogenic agents in potatoes produced through tissue culture can be used as one of the best methods in certified seed production programs (Haspanah, 2010).

    Given the importance of potatoes in the production of the economy and people's nutrition and the need for 7 million microtubers per year, also the importance of using healthy seeds in crop production, which is one of the most important factors in increasing crop yield Potatoes are in the unit level, it is necessary to carry out investigation and research in this field. Based on this, the appropriate conditions for the preparation of explants free from pathogens, determination of physico-chemical conditions for optimal growth and reproduction of potatoes, production of plants through micropropagation and transfer to the soil, production of microtubers under glass conditions should be determined in order to finally prepare healthy seed sources of cultivars and make it possible to prepare and produce seed sources of existing commercial cultivars on an annual basis (Mohdi, 2011).

    Goal The purpose of this thesis is to identify the effect of growth hormones in glass on the production of potato seedlings, followed by the production of potato tubers in order to increase the number, size and weight of the tubers.

    Optimizing the cultivation conditions to improve the performance of potato seedlings under glass conditions is another goal of this research. (proper dormancy, less wilting, better maintainability and proper weight of microtubers) which are considered as the origin of microtubers.

    Finally, comparison of seedling growth behavior and microtuber performance of early and late varieties of potato plant under the same conditions of production in order to identify cultivars with higher yield efficiency are among the objectives investigated in this research.

    Origin and history of potato:

    Potato is a cultivated potato from the family Solanaceae [10] (eggplants) and is part of Lephai and native to the Western Hemisphere. Its origin is the highlands of the Andes mountain range in Bolivia

  • Contents & References of Investigation and comparison of micronodulation of early and late varieties of potato plant (Solanum tuberosum L.) under in vitro culture conditions

    List:

    Summary..1

    First chapter: General research

    1- Introduction..2

    1-1- Origin and history of potato..4

    1-2- Plant characteristics..5

    Morphology..5

    1-2-2- Stages of growth and development..8

    1-2-2-1- Tuber bud growth (growth stage I).9

    1-2-2-2- Establishment of the plant (growth stage II). 9

    1-2-2-3- Beginning of tuber formation (growth stage III). 9

    1-2-2-4- Bulking of tubers (growth stage IV). 10

    1-2-2-5- Tuber ripening (growth stage V). 10

    1-3- Disease Potato viruses..10

    1-4-History of tissue culture..12

    1-5-Potato micropropagation..16

    1-6- Effective factors in potato micropropagation..17

    1-6-1- Culture medium compounds..18

    1-6-1-1- Sugar..18

    1-6-1-2- Minerals..18

    1-6-1-3- Gelling agent..21

    1-6-1-4- Vitamins..21

    1-6-1-5- Plant growth regulators.21

    1-7-1- Physical factors affecting tissue culture. tissue..23

    1-9-1- tuber production..24

    The second chapter: An overview of the conducted research

    2-1- An overview of the conducted research... 26

    The third chapter: Materials and methods

    3-1- Place of experiment..37

    3-2- Preparation of plant material..37

    3-3- Cultivation of potato tubers..39

    3-4- Preparation of culture medium and its sterile method.

    3-4-2- Suspension culture medium for stem propagation (liquid).41

    3-4-3- Tuberogenesis culture medium..41

    3-5- Primary cultivation and seedling production..43

    3-6- Subculture and seedling propagation..43

    3-7- Performed experiments..44

    3-7-1- Experiment 1: Determining the surface disinfection protocol of plant materials. 45

    3-7-2- Test 2: Investigating the effect of 2iP on seedling growth and development. 45

    3-7-3- Experiment 3: Investigating the effect of BAP on seedling growth and development. 45

    3-7-4- Test 4: Examining the effect of CCC on seedling growth and development. 46

    3-7-5- Experiment 5: Investigating the effect of GA3 on seedling growth and development. 46

    3-7-2-5- Test 6: Examining the effect of Picholoram on the growth and development of seedlings. 47

    3-7-2-6- Experiment 7: Investigating the effect of NAA on seedling growth and development. 47

    3-7-2-7- Experiment 8: Investigating the interaction effect of superior hormones on seedling growth and development. 47

    3-7-3- Tests of microgland production stage. 48

    3-7-3-1- Test 9: Examining the effect of 2iP on microgland production. 48

    3-7-3-2- Experiment 10: Examining the effect of BAP on microgland production. 49

    3-7-3-3- Experiment 11: Investigating the effect of CCC on microgland production. 49

    3-7-3-4- Experiment 12: Investigating the effect of GA3 on microgland production. 50

    3-7-3-5- Test 13: Investigating the effect of NAA on microgland production. 50

    3-7-3-6- experiment 14: Examining the mutual effect of superior hormones on microgland production. 50

    3-8- Data analysis. Results

    4-1- Test results..53

    4-1-1- Test 1: Determining the best protocol for surface disinfection of plant materials. 53

    4-1-2- Test 2: Examining the effect of 2iP on seedling growth and development. 55

    4-1-3- Experiment 3: Investigating the effect of BAP on seedling growth and development. 57

    4-1-4- Experiment 4: Investigating the effect of CCC on seedling growth and development. 60

    4-1-5- Test 5: Investigating the effect of GA3 on seedling growth and development. 62

    4-1-6- Test 6: Investigating the effect of Picholoram on seedling growth and development. 65

    4-1-7- Test 7: Investigating the effect of NAA on seedling growth and development. 65

    4-1-8-Experiment 8: Investigating the interaction effect of superior hormones on seedling growth and development. 69

    4-1-9-Experiment 9: Examining the effect of 2iP on microgland production. 80

    4-1-10-Experiment 10: Investigating the effect of BAP on microgland production. 83

    4-1-11-Experiment 11: Investigating the effect of CCC on microgland production. 86

    4-1-12-Experiment 12: Examining the effect of GA3 on microgland production. 90

    4-1-13-Experiment 13: Investigating the effect of NAA on microgland production. 90

    4-1-14-Experiment 14: Examining the interaction effect of superior hormones on microgland production. 93

    Chapter five: Discussion and conclusion

    5-1- Experiment 1: Determining the best protocol for surface disinfection of plant materials. 102

    5-2- Experiment 2: Investigating the effect of 2iP on seedling growth and development. 103

    5-3- Experiment 3: Investigating the effect of BAP on seedling growth and development. 103

    5-4- Experiment 4: Review of CCC effect103

    5-4- Experiment 4: Investigating the effect of CCC on the growth and development of seedlings. 104

    5-5- Experiment 5: Investigating the effect of GA3 on the growth and development of seedlings. 105

    5-6- Experiment 6: Investigating the effect of Picoloram on the growth and development of seedlings. 106

    5-7- Experiment 7: Investigating the effect of NAA on the growth and development 107

    5-8-Experiment 8: Examining the interaction effect of superior hormones on the growth and development of seedlings. 108

    5-9- Experiment 9: Examining the effect of 2iP on microgland production. 113

    5-10- Experiment 10: Examining the effect of BAP on microgland production. 113

    5-11- Experiment 11: Examining the effect of CCC on on microgland production. 114

    5-12- Experiment 12: Examining the effect of GA3 on microgland production. 115

    5-13- Experiment 13: Examining the effect of NAA on microgland production. 116

    5-14- Experiment 14: Examining the interaction effect of superior hormones on microgland production. 117

    Summary and Suggestions. 122

    Disinfection step. 122

    Determining the appropriate protocol for seedling production. 123

    Determining the appropriate protocol for microgland production. 124

    List of sources.

    Source:

    Esaadi, S. Q. Omid, M. and Dawoodi, 2016. Potato micronodulation using inexpensive substitute materials in vitro. Research and Construction, 2: 71.

    Atrashi, M. Moradi, K. and Nabinjad, A. 2018. Investigating the effect of growth hormones in vitro on the growth and production of seedlings and tubers in potato. Plant Biology, 2: 5. Afsharipour, S. 1372. Basics of plant tissue culture. Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. P. 342.

    Hasanpanah, d. 2009. The effect of different planting media on minituber production of different potato cultivars under greenhouse conditions. Journal of Ecophysiology of Crop Plants and Weeds, 15: 138-127. Ghafari, H. and Moderi, M. 1367. Production of virus-free microtubules in potato by tissue culture method. Seed and Seedling Research Institute, Tehran.

    Khazaei, H. R. and Arshadhi, M. c. 2017. Investigating the effect of nitrogen fertilizer management using chlorophyllometer on the yield and quality characteristics of Agria potato in the climatic conditions of Mashhad. Journal of Horticultural Science, 22: 63-49.

    Khajapour, M. R. 2013. Industrial plants. Isfahan Industrial Unit Jihad Publications. 580 p.

    Rezaei, A. and Soltani, A. 1375. Potato cultivation. Authored by H. P. Byukma and D. O Van Derzag. Mashhad University Jihad Publications, p. 179.

    Abadi, M. Iranbakhsh, A. and Bakhshi Khaniki, Gha. 2006. Potato tuber (Solanum tuberosum L.) swelling and heterogeneous growth of parenchymal cells in tissue culture conditions. Research and construction, 1: 78. Karimi, M. Danesh, D. and Sepahi, A. R. 1367. Investigating the effect of light and growth regulator benzylaminopurine on tuber formation. Master thesis, Isfahan University.

    Maini, A. and Kehrizi, D. 2012. Plant tissue culture. Basij Student Publishing House, 163 pages.

    Mohdi, Z. 2018. Investigating the effect of variety and environmental factors on micronodulation of potato seedlings in glass under air culture conditions. Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University.

    Akita, M. and Takayama, S. 1988. Mass propagation of potato tuber using jar fermantor. Acta horticulture: No. 230.

    Akita, M. and Takayama, S. 1994. Induction and development of potato tubers in a jar fermenter. Plant cell tissue. Org. Cult 36: 177-182.

    Almekinders, C. J. M. and Struik, P. C. 1996. Shoot development and flowering in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Potato research 39: 581-607.

    Alsadon, A. A., Knutson, K. W. and Wilkinson, J. C. 1988. Relationships between microtuber and minituber production and yield characteristics of six potato cultivars. potato Abs 14(10).

    Andedrade, L. B., Echeverrigaray, S. E., Fracaro, F., Pauletti, G. F. and Rota, L. 1999. The effect of growth regulators on shoot propagation and rooting of common lavender. Plant cell tissue. Org. Cult 56: 79-83.

    Aslam, A. and Iqbal, J. 2010. Combined effect of cytokinin and sucrose on in vitro tuberization parameters of two cultivars i.e., DiamantI and Red Norland of potato (Solanum Tuberosum). Pakistan J. Bot 2: 1093-1102.

    Babbar, S. B. and Jain, N. 1998. Isubgol as an alternative gelling agent in plant tissue culture media. Plant Cell reports 17: 318-322.

    Bajaj, Y. P. S. 1987

Investigation and comparison of micronodulation of early and late varieties of potato plant (Solanum tuberosum L.) under in vitro culture conditions
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