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Voltage control in micro grid including wind turbines based on induction generator and synchronous generator

Number of pages: 179 File Format: word File Code: 32272
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Electrical Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Active power control - Induction generator - reactive power - Simulation - Synchronous generator - Vector controller - Voltage control - Voltage stability - wind energy - Wind turbines
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  • Summary of Voltage control in micro grid including wind turbines based on induction generator and synchronous generator

    Dissertation for Master Degree in Electrical Engineering

    Power Orientation

    Abstract

    Wind energy will be one of the important sources of electricity in future systems. In this work, an overview of wind energy power electronic control is presented and the development of modern power electronic components is also briefly reviewed. The application of power electronics, including the control of various types of wind turbine and wind farm power generation systems, has also been shown, which shows that the behavior and performance of wind turbines have been significantly improved by using power electronic components that can help control voltage by using active and reactive power control.

    In this research, a hybrid power system in renewable energy sources (RES), which acts as an independent system, has been addressed. in which a micro grid connected to a wind farm is used. In the structure of the wind farm, a combination of synchronous generator and induction generator is used to produce power. The synchronous generator is connected to the microgrid through a dc link. The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method is used to control the wind turbine, and for this purpose, a suitable controller is used to control the dc link, which is a vector control (SVM) type controller. The simulation is done to check the system voltage control.

    The simulation results in MATLAB / SIMULINK show that the network voltage profile is controlled acceptably.

    Key words: induction generator, synchronous generator, vector controller, wind turbines, reactive power control, voltage stability, active power control.

    Chapter 1

     

    An introduction to microgrids and distributed production

    Chapter 1-       Introduction

    1-1-                    Introduction

    The country of Iran is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of various energy sources is considered because on the one hand it has vast resources of fossil and non-renewable fuels such as oil and gas and on the other hand it has a lot of potential for renewable energies including wind. With the development of environmental attitudes and economical strategies in the exploitation of non-renewable energy sources, the use of wind energy has increased compared to other energy sources in many countries of the world.

    The capacity to use wind energy in the world has doubled every three years. And the production price of wind energy is about one-sixth of its price in 1980. It seems that this trend will continue. Some expert forecasts show that the growth of wind energy capacity will be about 25% per year until 2050, and its price will decrease between 20 and 40% during these years.

    1-1-1-                  Wind energy

     

    Wind energy is the result of moving air. When the sun's radiation reaches the uneven surface of the earth unevenly, it causes changes in temperature and pressure, and in these changes, wind occurs. Among renewable energies, wind energy is one of the most economical methods of electricity production. which has no pollution and is very important due to its renewable nature. By using wind energy, environmental pollution is reduced so that the production of each kilowatt of electrical energy from wind prevents the emission of one kilogram of carbon dioxide compared to fossil fuel power plants.

    As long as the wind speed is not constant, the annual production of electrical energy by a wind power plant will never be equal to the product of the nominal production power in the total working hours in a year. The ratio of the actual power produced by the power plant and the maximum production capacity of the power plant is called the capacity factor. A wind farm installed in a suitable location on the coast has an annual capacity factor of about 35%.Unlike fuel power plants, the capacity factor in a wind power plant is highly dependent on the inherent characteristics of the wind. The capacity factor in other types of power plants usually depends on the price of fuel and the time required to carry out repair operations. Since nuclear power plants have a relatively low fuel cost, the fuel supply limitations of these power plants are relatively low, which brings the capacity factor of these power plants to about 90%. Power plants that use natural gas turbines to generate electricity usually produce only during peak hours due to the high cost of fuel supply. For this reason, the capacity coefficient of these turbines is low and is usually between 5-25%.

    Wind resources are the fuel of a wind power station and only small changes have great effects on its commercial value.  Even small changes in average speed can make big changes in efficiency. For example, if the average wind speed in a given location increases from 6 meters per second to 10 meters per second, the amount of energy produced by a wind farm will increase by more than 130%. Therefore, details and reliable information about wind strength and direction, and how regularly the wind blows, are vital and important for any possible development plan.

    In general, it is estimated that the exploitable wind resources located on land for the European Union are capable of generating and yielding 600 TWh. The offshore wind resource has been rated up to 3000 terawatt hours. which alone will exceed the total electricity consumption of Europe.

    Most wind turbines start generating electricity when the wind speed is about 3-4 meters per second, and they produce the maximum allowed electricity at around 15 meters per second, and to prevent damage from storms, they stop and fail at 25 meters per second or more.

     

    Abstract

    Wind energy is an important source of electricity in the future. In this work is presented an overview of wind energy power electronics control and development of modern power electronics components are also briefly reviewed. Power electronics applications such as different types of control systems for power generating wind turbines and wind farms are also shown which shows the behavior of wind turbines using power electronics components can be significantly improved by the use of active and reactive power control to help control voltage.

    In this research, a hybrid power system for renewable energy sources (RES), which acts as a stand-alone system is discussed. Where the micro wind farm is connected to a network. Wind farm in the structure of the combination of synchronous generator and induction generator is used to generate power. Synchronous generator through a dc link connected to Microgrid. Method for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) wind turbine control used for the purpose of setting voltage, an appropriate controller is used to control the dc link controller is used to control the operation (SVM) is. Simulation to evaluate the voltage control system is done.

    The simulation results in MATLAB / SIMULINK shows the voltage profiles are reasonably controlled.

    Keywords: induction generator, synchronous generator, vector control, wind turbines, reactive power control, stability, voltage, active power control.

  • Contents & References of Voltage control in micro grid including wind turbines based on induction generator and synchronous generator

    List:

    List of tables H

    List of figures H

    Chapter 1- Introduction. 3

    1-1- Introduction. 3

    1-1-1- Wind energy. 3

    1-1-2- Advantages of using wind energy compared to fossil fuels. 5

    1-1-3- Disadvantages. 6

    1-1-4-     Advantages of induction generator. 6

    1-1-5- Disadvantages of induction generator. 7

    1-2- Scattered productions 8

    1-2-1- Introduction. 8

    1-2-2-     The importance of new energies and the reason for their tendency 11

    1-3-    History. 13

    1-3-1- History of wind energy use. 13

    1-3-2- History of microturbine. 15

    1-3-3- History of batteries 15

    1-3-4- Operation of combined systems. 16 1-4 Definition of distributed production 17 1-4-1 The purpose of using distributed production 19 1-4-2 Location 19 1-4-3 Nominal values. 20

    1-4-4- Power delivery area. 21

    1-4-5-     Technology. 22

    1-4-6- Environmental factors. 23

    1-4-7-     Operation method. 24

    1-4-8-     Ownership. 24

    1-4-9- The share of scattered production in the total consumption. 24

    5-1- The potential benefits of distributed production 25

    1-6- Factors that prevent the spread of distributed production. 27

    1-7- Using distributed energy sources in the network. 28

    1-7-1- Introduction. 28

    1-8- Description of concepts related to virtual power plant. 29

    1-8-1- Definition of microgrid and virtual power plant. 29

    1-8-2-     Virtual power plants and moving towards a smart grid. 32

    1-8-3- Distributed energy sources 36

    1-8-4- Control and operation methods of virtual power plants. 38

    1-9-    Report structure. 41

    Chapter 2- Second chapter: 44

    2-1-    Microgrid construction: 44

    2-2-    Construction of wind turbines: 46

    2-2-1-     Types of wind turbine physical structure. 49

    2-2-1-1-     VAWT vertical axis wind turbines. 50

    2-2-1-2-     HAWT horizontal rotating axis wind turbines. 51

    2-2-1-3- Classification of HAW propeller wind turbines with horizontal axis. 52

    2-2-2- Types of functional structure of wind turbines. 53

    2-2-2-1- Constant speed wind turbines: 53

    2-2-2-2- Variable speed wind turbines: 54

    2-3-    Types of modern generators: 57

    2-3-1-     Constant speed turbine type A: 57

    2-3-2-     turbine Variable speed with variable rotor resistance type B (limited variable speed): 58

    2-3-3-     Variable speed with frequency converter type C (frequency converter with fractional capacity): 59

    2-3-4-     Variable speed turbine with full power converter type D (variable speed with frequency converter with full capacity):. 60

    2-4-     Types of generators used in wind turbines: 61

    2-4-1-     Synchronous generator. 61

    2-4-2- Constant speed structure: 62

    2-4-3- Limited variable speed structure: 64

    2-4-4- Variable speed structure with incomplete converter: 65

    2-4-5-     Variable speed structure of direct coupler with complete converter: 67

    2-4-6-    Types of structure without gearbox. 72

    2-4-6-1-     Synchronous generator with wound rotor 74

    2-4-6-2-     Permanent magnet synchronous generator with radial flux. 74

    2-4-6-3-     Asynchronous generators (induction) 75

    2-5-    Configuration of wind farms. 78

    2-5-1- Necessity of network connection. 81

    2-5-1-1- Active power control. 82

    2-5-1-2- Reactive power control and voltage stability 83

    2-5-2-     Power quality 85

    2-5-3-     Functionality in low grid voltage (FRT)

    2-5-4-     Status and trend. 87

    2-6-    Structure of converters used in wind turbine: 90

    2-6-1-     Back to back converter. 90

    2-6-2- Indirect power converter. 91

    2-6-3- Multi-level power converter. 92

    2-6-4- Modulating power converters 93

    2-7- Power control concepts. 93

    2-7-1- The structure of control methods used in wind turbines. 94

    2-7-1-1- Power control. 95

    2-7-1-2-     Converter control. 96

    2-7-1-3- Directional voltage controller96

    2-7-1-3- Synchronous voltage directional controller. 96

    2-7-1-4- hysteresis method. 97

    2-7-2- Network coordination. 99

    2-8- Systematic comparison of wind turbines. 105

    2-9-     Reactive power capability limitations. 106

    2-9-1- Separate control of active and reactive power in the wind power plant connected to DFIG. 106

    2-9-1-1-     Operation of induction generator at constant speed. 106

    2-9-1-2-     Operation of induction generator at variable speed. 107

    2-9-1-3- Squirrel cage generator under variable speed. 107

    2-9-1-4- Winding rotor generator under variable speed. 108

    2-9-2- DFIG induction generator model. 109

    2-9-3-     Rotor side converter control 110

    2-9-4-     Network side converter control. 115

    Chapter 3- Structure of controllers 118

    3-1- External controller (current controller) 118

    3-1-1- Hysteresis method. 118

    3-1-2- Methods based on converting current references to voltage references 123

    3-2- Types of current control methods based on linearity or non-linearity. 130

    3-2-1-     Linear methods. 130

    3-2-1-1- Resident PI:. 131

    3-2-1-2- Synchronous PI:. 131

    3-2-1-3- mode feedback. 133

    3-2-2- Non-linear methods. 134

    3-2-2-1-     Hysteresis:. 134

    3-2-2-2-     Neural and fuzzy network: 134

    3-3-     New methods of controlling induction machines. 136

    3-3-1-     Inductive machine scalar controllers. 137

    3-3-2- Induction machine vector controllers. 139

    3-3-3- Study of the field-based control of decoupling induction machines. 142

    3-3-3-1- Field-based control in a direct way. 146

    3-3-3-2- Indirect field-based control. 151

    Chapter 4- Modeling and simulation of the studied system. 165

    4-1- Independent connection of the induction generator to the grid. 165

    4-1-1- The turbine model used in the induction generator. 165

    4-2- Independent connection of the synchronous generator to the grid. 172

    4-2-1- Turbine model used in synchronous generator. 173

    4-2-2-     The controller in the generator side inverter 174

    4-2-3-     The controller in the network side inverter. 176

    4-2-4- The construction of the used synchronous generator. 178

    4-3- Simultaneous connection of two generators to the network. 181

    4-4- Simultaneous connection of two generators to the network with the presence of local load. 183

    List of references. 192

     

    Source:

    International Energy Outlook 2011, Energy Information Administration (EIA), [online]http://www.eia.doe.gov/iea.

    [[1]] Renewables 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT, ren21-GSR 2011, [online] available at:http://www.ren21.net.

    [[1]] J. Kennedy, B. Fox and D. J. Morrow “Distributed generation as a balancing resource for wind generation” IET Renew. Power Gener., 2007, 1, (3), pp. 167–174.

    [[1]] Mary Black and Goran Strbac “Value of Bulk Energy Storage for Managing Wind Power Fluctuations” IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 22, NO. 1, MARCH 2007.

    [[1]] Ronan Doherty, Hugh Outhred, Mark O'Malley, “Establishing the Role That Wind Generation May Have in Future Generation Portfolios” IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 21, NO. 3, AUGUST 2006. 2008.

    [[1]] Gyuk, I., Kulkarni, P., Sayer, J. H., Boyes, J. D., Corey, G. P. and Peek, G. H, “The United States Symposium on Energy Storage.” IEEE Power & Energy Magazine.March/April. 2005.

    [[1]] R. W. Wies, R. A. Johnson, A. N. Agrawal, T. J. Chubb, "simulinc model for economic analysis and environmental impacts of a PV with diesel-battery system for remote villages", IEEE Trans.Power syst., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 692-700, May 2005.

    [[1]] J. Lagorse, D. Paire, A. Miraoui.

Voltage control in micro grid including wind turbines based on induction generator and synchronous generator
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