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Designing the phase controller using the average static compensator model

Number of pages: 137 File Format: word File Code: 32249
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Electronic Engineering
Tags/Keywords: FACTS - Flexible power transmission - Phase controller design - Reactor - Static compensator - Thyristor - transmission networks
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  • Summary of Designing the phase controller using the average static compensator model

    Introduction

    Flexible power transmission networks (FACTS[1]), is one of the aspects of the electronic revolution that is happening in all fields of electrical energy. The concept of FACTS was first proposed in 1988 by Hingorani. The range of semiconductor power devices, in addition to the advantages of fast and reliable switching, provides opportunities to value electrical energy by relying on new concepts of circuits. The lack of reactive power in power networks causes voltage drop, voltage fluctuations, system losses, reduction of power transmission capacity, instability in the system and disruption of the voltage profile. Considering the expansion and complexity of power networks, reactive power compensators are of particular importance in order to prevent voltage collapse.

    One ??of the types of equipment of the second generation of S FACT devices, which is used for parallel compensation in transmission lines, is the synchronous static compensator or [2] STATCOM. Today, due to the advantages of STATCOM compared to its first generation, SVC [3] is used. Compensators, which are generally used today for dynamic control of voltage, impedance and phase angle of AC lines, can be classified into four main combinations:

    - Series controllers

    - Series-series controllers

    - Parallel controllers (shunt)

    - series-parallel controllers

    The most important suggested options for compensation are: installing fixed capacitor banks, installing switched capacitor banks, installing SVC static compensator and active compensator using STATCOM; The best solution is to use parallel compensators such as SVC and STATCOM due to having better advantages than other types of compensators. The results show that if STATCOM and SVC are installed on site, they increase voltage stability and increase power transmission ability. Considering that STATCOM is the second generation of SVC, it has more advantages than SVC, in STATCOM, the reactive power exchanged without using AC capacitors or inductors is provided only by multiple switching of power converters, while in SVC, the power exchanged with the network is provided by capacitors and inductors. The converters used today in STATCOM design are more of the voltage source converter type. The function and working basis of SVC and STATCOM are described in detail in the following sections. It should be noted that these converters can be controlled by different methods, such as a controller based on current or voltage that is applied from the sampling line as feedback to the controller. In this thesis, the voltage control method is used, which is controlled on the voltage phase angle.

    Static reactive power compensators (SVC, STATCOM) [1]

    Static reactive power compensators (SVC) and synchronous static compensators (STATCOM) are static reactive power generators, in which the output is changed in such a way that the parameters to be maintained or controlled in electric power systems. A static reactive power generator may be of the controlled reactive impedance type (using controlled reactors and capacitors and switched with thyristor) or of the voltage source type (using a switchable power converter) or of the mixed type (which uses a combination of these components). Although the operating principles of these reactive power generators are very different, and their I-V characteristics and losses against their output reactive power are quite different, as well as their response speed and achievable frequency bandwidth, they all can generally exhibit controllable shunt reactive compensation, with similar operational capabilities, in their linear operating range. This means that the basic structure of the external control that defines the operational function of the compensator and thus obtains the reference inputs for the reactive power generator is basically the same regardless of the type of reactive power generator used. (Note that the converter-based reactive power generator can be equipped with a suitable energy storage to provide reactive compensation; in this case, the compensator control must be supplemented with additional control loops to manage the real power exchange between the AC system and the converter.)

    The primary purpose of using a static compensator (this term or the shorter term compensator will be generally used to refer to an SVC as well as a STATCOM) in a power system is to increase the power transfer capability in a given transmission network, from the power plant to the load. Since static compensators cannot produce or absorb real power (regardless of the relatively low internal losses of the SVC and assuming no energy storage for the STATCOM), system power transmission is indirectly affected by voltage control. This article means that the output reactive power (capacitive or inductive) of the compensator for voltage control is changed in certain terminals of the transmission network, so that the desired power flow is maintained in possible system distortions and emergencies. [1]

    2-1-1- Static reactive power compensator (SVC) ]2[

    The SVC compensator can be considered one of the first generation of advanced compensators that was introduced in the early seventies, a generator or static absorber of reactive power that is connected in parallel and its output is set to exchange capacitive or inductive current so that the parameter to maintain or control specific values ??in the power system (typically bus voltage). [1]

    This term is a general term for a reactor that can be switched with a thyristor or controlled with a thyristor, or a capacitor (or a combination of a capacitor and a reactor) that can be switched with a thyristor. The operation of SVC is based on thyristors without valve disconnection capability and includes separate equipment for leading or lagging the reactive power phase. These equipments include a reactor with the ability to switch or control a thyristor to absorb reactive power and a capacitor with the ability to switch a thyristor to supply the reactive load. Some consider the SVC to be a cheaper STATCOM option, although this is not the case if the comparison is based on required performance and not just MVA. Types of SVCs include TCR (thyristor controllable reactor), TSR (thyristor switchable reactor), TSC (thyristor switchable capacitor) [1].

  • Contents & References of Designing the phase controller using the average static compensator model

    List:

    Introduction. 2

    Chapter Two

    2-1- Static Reactive Power Compensator (SVC, STATCOM) [1] 6

    2-1-1- Static Reactive Power Compensator (SVC) [2] 7

    2-1-1-1- General conditions of SVC [2] 8

    2-1-1-2- The most important applications of SVC [1] 9

    2-1-1-3-The most common types of SVC [1] 9

    2-1-2- Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) [1] 10

    2-1-2-1-The most important applications of STATCOM [1] 16

    2-1-2-2- Advantages of STATCOM [3] 16

    2-1-2-3- Power consumption in the presence of STATCOM [4] 16

    2-1-2-4- Losses in the presence of STATCOM [4] 17

    2-1-2-5- STATCOM control methods. 18

    2-1-3- Comparison of STATCOM and SVC [1] 18

    2-1-3-1- Comparison of STATCOM with SVC in error mode [2] 21

    2-2- Review of STATCOM control methods. 22

    2-2-1- Synchronous static compensator control plans (STATCOM) 25

    2-2-1-1- Constant DC voltage control. 25

    2-2-1-2- control by phase angle. 29

    2-2-2- Model-based STATCOM control methods. 31

    2-2-2-1- DQ model 31

    2-2-2-1-1- PI control 41

    2-2-2-1-2- Pole placement method. 43

    2-2-2-1-3- linear quadratic regulator (LQR) 45

    2-2-2-2- average model. 46

    2-2-3- Model-independent STATCOM control methods. 47

    2-2-3-1- static PI control. 47

    2-2-3-2- Hysteresis current control method. 48

    2-2-3-3- neural and fuzzy networks. 50

    2-3- Modulation. 53

    2-3-1- Application of modulation. 53

    2-3-2- Types of modulations 57

    2-3-2-1- Pulse width modulation (PWM) 57

    2-3-2-1-1- Methods of generating PWM signal [5] 57

    2-3-2-2-SPWM modulation. 59

    2-3-2-2-1-types of SPWM modulation. 60

    Chapter Three

    3-1- Three-leg voltage source inverter (VSI). 65

    3-2- Vector space modulation (SVM) 68

    3-2-1- Vector space modulation (SVM) based on VSI of three legs. 70

    3-2-2- Different schemes of space vector modulation (SVM) 75

    3-2-2-1- Right-handed sequence (SVM1) 76

    3-2-2-2- Symmetric sequence (SVM2) 76

    3-2-2-3- Variable zero vector sequence (SVM3) 77

    3-2-2-4- Maximum flow sequence without switching (SVM4) 78

    3-3- SVPWM saturation mode [7] 78

    3-4- Control method based on average model. 81

    -1-4-3 Averaging of STATCOM. 81

    3-5- SVM modulator for the average STATCOM model. 87

    3-5-1- Duty cycle functions of average model based on SVM modulation. 88

    Chapter four

    4-1- Comparison of control based on average model and hysteresis control (simulation results) 93

    Chapter five

    5-1- STATCOM closed-loop control by average model based on SVM (simulation) 103

    5-2- New STATCOM control system with SVM modulator based on average model. 105

    5-3- Simulation results. 107

    Conclusions and suggestions. 119

    Resources and references. 121

     

     

    Source:

     

     [[1]] book familiarization with FACTS devices (concepts and technology of flexible power transmission networks), authors Narin.J.Hingorani, Lazlugayogi, translator Ahmad Fereydoun Darafshan

    [2] Review of the effect of different FACTS devices on voltage stability, authors Hamid Fatahi, Hamdi Abdi, Arash Zarini Tabar, National Conference of New Ideas in Electrical Engineering, Azar 1991

    [3] Modeling and simulation of a Distribution Statcom, authors Moussa Derkale Khajeh, Masoumeh Alizadeh, Frank Babaei

    [4] Load distribution of power networks including FACTS tools, authors Daoud Azad, Amin Sadeghzadeh

    [5] Familiarization book with modulations ppwm,spwm,pwm from the virtual library of Iran www.namelectronic.ir

    [6] Control of inactive powers and harmonics, author Mohammad Tawakli Bina, Khajeh Nasiruddin Tosi University, 1382.

     [7]         Power Electronics (Exercise: Space Vector Modulation) 2013, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ralph Kennel.

     

    [8] M. Tavakoli Bina and Ashoka K. S. Bhat, “Averaging technique for the modeling of STATCOM and active filters,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 23, no. 2, March 2008.

    [9] M. Tavakoli Bina and N. Khodabakhshi, "Generation of voltage reference signal in closed-loop control ofKhodabakhshi, "Generation of voltage reference signal in closed-loop control of STATCOM," Power Engineering conference, AUPEC 2008.

    [10] Adapa, M. H. Bake, L. Bohmann K. Clark, K. Habashi, L. Gyugyi "Proposed terms and definitions for flexible AC transmission system (FACTS)," IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 12, no. 4, Oct. 1997, pp. 1848–1853

    [11] D. Neacsu, “Space vector modulation – An introduction,” The 27th annual conference of the IEEE industrial electronics society, 2014.

    [12] Park, R.H., “Two-Reaction Theory of Synchronous Machines”, AIEE Trans. No. 48, 1929, pp. 716-730 and no. 52, 1933, pp.352-355.

    [13] Kron, G., “The Application of Tensors to the Analysis of Rotating Electrical Machinery”, Schenectady, NY, USA, General Electric Review, 2003

    [14] Kovacs, K.P., Racz, I., “Transiente Vorgange in Wechselstrommachinen”, Budapest, Hungary, Akad.Kiado, 2006. [15] C. Schauder and H. Mehta, "Vector analysis and control of advanced static VAR compensators," Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. , vol. 140, no. 4, pp. 299-306, Jul. 2009.

    [16] P. Rao, M. L. Crow and Z. Yang, “STATCOM control for power system voltage control applications,” IEEE Trans. Power Del. , vol. 15. No. 4, pp. 1311-1317, Oct 2013.

     

    [17] H. W. vanderBroeck, H. Ch. Skudelny and G. Stanke, "Analysis and realization of a pulse width modulator based on voltage space vectors," IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol.  24, pp.  142–150, Jan./Feb. 1988

    [18] P. Kazmierkowski, L. Malesani, “Current Control Techniques for Three-Phase Voltage-Source PWM Converters: A Survey”, IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 45, No. 5, October 2006.

    [19] Eun-Chul Shin, Sung-Min Park, “A Novel Current Controller to Reduce the Switching Frequency and Current Error in D-STATCOM”, the 30th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, November 2014.

    [20] L. Malesani and P. Tenti, “A Novel Hysteresis Control Method for Current Controlled VSI-PWM Inverters with Constant Modulation Frequency”. IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicant, Vol. 44, Pages: 406-417, Aug. 2007.

    [21] M. A. Dzieniakowski and M. P. Kazmierkowski, “Self-tuned fuzzy PI current controller for PWM-VSI,” in Proc. EPE Conf., Seville, Spain, 1995, pp. 1. 308–1.313.

    [22] S. Mohagheghi, G. K. Venayagamoorthy, R. G. Harley, “Optimal Neuro-Fuzzy External Controller for a STATCOM in the 12-Bus Benchmark Power System”, IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol. 22, No. 4, October 2012. [23] M. Tavakoli Bina, M. D. Eskandari and M. Panahlou, "Design and installation of a ±250 Kvar D-STATCOM for a distribution substation," Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier, pp. 383-391, Mar. 2010.

     

    [24] N. G. Hingorani and Gyugyi, “Understanding FACTS,” Newyork : IEEE press 2013.

    [25] L. Gyugyi, “Dynamic compensation of AC transmission lines by solid state synchronous voltage source,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 904-911, 1994. [26] M. Saeedifard, H. Nikkhajoei and R. Iravani, “A space vector modulated STATCOM based on a three-level neutral point clamped converter,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 22, no. 2, April 2014. [27] Kalyan, K. Sen "STATCOM-STATIC synchronous compensator: Theory, Modeling and Applications," Member, IEEE Westinghouse Electric Corporation, IEEE 1998, vol.2, pp. 1177 - 1183. [28] M. Tavakoli Bina, Average circuit model for angle-controlled STATCOM, with the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of K. N. Toosi, Tehran PO Box 16315-1355, Iran D.C. Hamill is with the School of Electronics, Mathematics and Computing, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK r IEE, 2005 IEE Proceedings IEE Proc.-Electr. Power Appl., Vol. 152, No. 3, May 2005

    [29] Qingguang.Yu, Pei.Li, Wenhua.Liu, Xiaorong.Xie, "Overview of STATCOM Technologies", 2004 IEEE International Conference, DRPT2004, April 2004 Hong Kong, Vol.

Designing the phase controller using the average static compensator model
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