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  3. Designing a new scheduling algorithm for real-time and non-real-time users in LTE networks

Designing a new scheduling algorithm for real-time and non-real-time users in LTE networks

Number of pages: 74 File Format: word File Code: 32244
Year: 2016 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Electrical Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Digital communication - LTE - LTE networks - Modulation - OFDMA - Radio resource management - Real-time services - Service quality - Telecommunication networks - timing
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  • Summary of Designing a new scheduling algorithm for real-time and non-real-time users in LTE networks

    Thesis for Master of Electrical Engineering - Telecommunications

    Abstract

    With the rapid growth of Internet users and real-time services such as audio and video and the need to meet the quality of service required by users, the next generation of cellular networks is expected to provide access to mobile users everywhere.  LTE is a new radio access technology proposed for a move towards the next generation of wireless systems.  It uses perpendicular frequency division multiple access [1] in direction [2]. Perpendicular frequency multiplex access divides the total bandwidth into several narrowband subchannels and allocates these subcarriers to users based on their needs. One of the main features of LTE is the use of advanced radio resource management methods in order to optimize the performance of the system in such a way that the maximum number of bits is sent. To provide the quality of service to users, scheduling algorithms are designed to meet the needs of users. Scheduling [3] in LTE networks is responsible for the distribution of resources among active users in order to provide the required service quality. In these algorithms, the use of real-time services is usually considered, and in some other algorithms, the use of both types of real-time and non-real-time services is considered. In cases where both real-time and non-real-time applications are considered, no attention was paid to the different speeds of the users and only the group of users with low movement speeds (up to 30 km/h) was considered. In this case, it is important that the algorithm works in such a way that the quality of the user's service is not jeopardized by increasing the speed. In this thesis, an algorithm has been designed to provide the quality of service for users at different speeds and increase the transmission rate of the network.  It also performs better at low speeds compared to other algorithms. Comparing the results of the simulation of the proposed algorithm with the existing algorithms shows that the network transmission rate has increased in the proposed algorithm and the service quality parameters have improved due to the selection of the appropriate criteria for allocating the resource block to the user.

    Key words: LTE, timing, radio resource management, quality of service, OFDMA, real-time and non-real-time services

    1-1 Introduction

    The first cellular telecommunication networks known as G1 were introduced in the early 1980s. This generation of cellular communication used analog modulation. In the early 1990s, the second generation of cellular communications was introduced. This generation was the first generation that used digital communication techniques. The first commercial system of the second generation (GSM) [1] was developed.  After some time, the third generation was introduced after the year 2000. The third generation increased the speed of information. The most important trade name for the third generation is (UMTS)[2]. Later, the 3.5th generation of cellular networks was introduced under the title (HSPA) [3], but for optimal use of the frequency band and high data transmission rate, steps were taken towards the next generations of mobile phones, namely (LTE) [4] and (LTE-Advance) [5]. This work was done with the help of hardware parts made by 3 big companies Samsung, Ericsson and Huawei. In February 2010, EMT operator in Estonia conducted LTE test. A similar system was implemented in July of the same year in the country of Uzbekistan in the city of Tashkent by MTS operator. In August of the same year, the LMT operator implemented the LTE system as a test in half of the country of Latvia. On December 5, 2010, Verizon launched the largest commercial LTE network in North America. In 2011, Saudi operators announced that they will provide LTE network services to their users by 2013. This process has continued as it has been in countries such as America, Brazil, Philippines, Oman, Australia, Romania, Netherlands and so on. The LTE network has been launched. According to statistics, until 2012, there are about 5 billion cellular telecommunications users, including broadband code division multiple access systems[6], GSM, HSPA, and LTE in the world.. According to statistics, until 2012, there were about 5 billion cellular telecommunication users, including broadband code division multiple access systems[6], GSM, HSPA, and LTE in the world, and the share of LTE network users was equal to 90.5 million users. Considering that the third generation almost meets the needs of the users, but for the following reasons, the fourth generation was created and the third generation was changed to the fourth generation]1 [:

    Improving the data rate

    Improving the spectral efficiency

    Reducing the power consumption of the terminal

    Increasing the data rate at the edges Cell

    Decreasing the delay in sending and establishing a connection

    Reducing costs

    1-2 LTE basic characteristics

     

    Due to the increase of users using the LTE network, researchers and industrial centers are trying to find
    are new and innovative solutions to analyze and improve the performance of LTE networks. As stated, the purpose of LTE network design is to provide high data rate, reduce delay and provide high spectrum efficiency. To achieve these goals, radio resource management uses physical layer and access control sublayer functions [7]. Among these functions, we can mention resource sharing, channel quality indicator report[8] and AMC method[9]. development of real time services such as voice and video there is a high demand in quality of service given to the users. Therefore it seems it is necessary to go for next generations of cellular networks available all over the world. LTE is a new radio access technology suggested as a means to go for the next generation of wireless systems. It uses an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system. This system divides the bandwidth into several narrowband sub-channels and devotes the mentioned sub-carriers to the users regarding their needs. One of the main properties of LET is enjoying the advanced methods of radio resource management in order to optimize the performance of the system so that the number of the transmitted bits be the most. To give high quality of service to the users, there are scheduling algorithms designed to meet the user's needs. Scheduling in LTE networks is in charge of distributing the resources between active users to provide proper quality of service. In these algorithms, the application of real time services are considered while in some of the other algorithms, applications of both real time and non-real time services are considered. In the latter algorithms, there is no emphasis on different velocities of users. In addition, these algorithms are only focused on users with slow velocities (Up to 30 km/h). However, it is important for an algorithm to provide a proper quality of services even in high velocities. In this thesis, we have done our best to design an algorithm offering a proper quality of service to the users with different velocities and also increase the network throughput. Also, the algorithm is tried to have an acceptable performance comparing with other algorithms. Making a comparison between the results of simulations of the proposed algorithm with other algorithms reveals that the network throughput is increased in the proposed algorithm. Also, the quality of service parameters are enhanced. That's mainly because of choosing proper

    Index for resource block allocation to the user.

  • Contents & References of Designing a new scheduling algorithm for real-time and non-real-time users in LTE networks

    List:

    Table of Contents.. Eight

    List of Forms.. Eleven

    Abstract.. 1

    1 Chapter One: Introduction 2

    1-1 Introduction. 2

    1-2 Basic characteristics of LTE. 3

    1-3 existing challenges and objectives of the thesis. 4

    1-3-1 Two important goals of this thesis. 5

    1-4 Thesis structure. 5

    2 Chapter Two: Introduction to LTE 6

    2-1 Introduction. 6

    2-2 General review of LTE network structure. 6

    2-2-1 Network core section. 7

    2-2-2 E-UTRAN section. 8

    2-3 frame structure. 9

    2-3-1  FDD    9

    2-3-2  TDD    10

    2-3-3  Source block structure. 12

    2-4 physical layers. 12

    2-4-1 OFDMA access method. 13

    2-4-2 SC-FDMA access method. 14

    2-5 Quality of service and classes of service in LTE. 15

    2-5-1 carrier model. 15

    2-5-2 QCI 17

    2-5-3 ARP 18

    2-6 Traffic model. 18

    2-6-1 traffic model of voice transmission over the Internet. 18

    2-6-2 traffic model pages. 19

    2-6-3 video traffic model. 20

    3 Chapter 3 Scheduling in LTE networks 21

    3-1 Introduction. 21

    3-2 Scheduling methods in the MAC sublayer of LTE networks in the downstream direction. 22

    3-3 Scheduling strategies for LTE networks in the downlink direction. 23

    3-3-1 channel unaware strategy. 24

    3-3-2 Channel-aware/QoS-aware strategy. 27

    3-3-3 channel-aware/aware of service quality strategy. 30

    3-4 Algorithms used in comparison. 33

    3-4-1 scheduling algorithm in two levels. 34

    3-4-2 M-EDF-PF algorithm. 37 3-4-3 FBAQ algorithm. 38

    4 Chapter Four Proposed Algorithm and Simulation 44

    4-1 Introduction. 44

    4-2 Expression of the proposed algorithm for resource allocation. 45

    4-3 Preliminaries and requirements of the algorithm. 45

    4-4 Innovations made. 46

    4-5 Algorithm prerequisites. 47

    4-6 Description of the proposed algorithm. 50

    4-6-1 Division of users based on their movement speed 51

    4-6-2 Calculation of data transmission rate of users to the base station 51

    4-6-3 Calculation of the priority of each queue. 54

    4-6-4 new frame structure. 56

    4-6-5 Calculating and allocating the required resource block of each queue according to the user's service quality requirements. 57

    4-7 Simulation and results. 62

    4-7-1 How to calculate the values ??of the horizontal axis of the graphs 62

    4-7-2 Applied traffic to the network. 65

    4-8 Review the results of the simulation. 66

    5 Chapter Five Conclusions and Suggestions 71

    5-1 Summary. 71

    5-1-1 Resource block allocation methods. 72

    5-2 Suggestions 73

    Resources. 75

     

    Source:

     

    [1] Cox, Christopher, "An introduction to LTE: LTE, LTE-advanced, SAE and 4G mobile communications", John Wiley & Sons, 2012

    [2] Rezaei, Fahimeh, "A Comprehensive Analysis of LTE physical layer", PhD thesis University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2010

    [3] Rezaei Fahimeh, Michael Hempel, and Hamid Sharif, "LTE PHY performance analysis under 3GPP standard parameters," IEEE International Workshop on Computer Aided Modeling and Design of Communication Links and Networks (CAMAD), pp.102-106, June 2011

    [4] Ali Yahiya, Tara, "Network Architecture and Protocols", Springer New York, pp. 17-39, 2011

    [5] Lucent Alcatel, "The LTE Network Architecture—A Comprehensive Tutorial", Strategic Whitepaper, http://webform.alcatel-lucent.com/ , 2009

    [6] 3GPP TS 36.211, "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical Channels and Modulation", Physical layer procedure Release 8, 2007

    [7] Srikanth, S, Murugesa Pandian, and Xavier Fernando, "Orthogonal frequency division multiple access in WiMAX and LTE: a comparison", IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.50, Issue 9, pp. 153-161, Sep 2012

    [8] Zyren, Jim,. 153-161, Sep 2012. "A New Approach for Sub-Channels Assignment in Downlink Fourth Generation Mobile Systems", Journal of Computer Science, Vol.7, Issue.9, pp.1368-1374, 2011

    [10] Myung, Hyung G, Junsung Lim, and David Goodman, "Single carrier FDMA for uplink wireless transmission", IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, Vol.1, Issue 3, pp.30-38, Sep 2006

    [11] Chen, Yen-Wen, I-Hsuan Peng, and Chien-Yu Lai, "Study of Radio Resource Allocation Scheme for Single Carrier FDMA in LTE Network", IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), pp.1-5, May 2012.

    [12] Ruiz de Temino, L., et al. "Channel-aware scheduling algorithms for SC-FDMA in LTE uplink", IEEE Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC) symposium, pp.1-6, Sep 2008

    [13] Alasti, Mehdi, et al. "Quality of service in WiMAX and LTE network," IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.48, pp.104-111, May 2010

    [14] Ekstrom, Hannes, "QoS control in the 3GPP evolved packet system", IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.47, Issue 2, pp. 76-83, Feb 2009

    [15] Khan, Farooq," LTE for 4G mobile broadband: air interface technologies and performance", Cambridge University, 2009

    [16] Capozzi, Francesco, et al, "Downlink packet scheduling in LTE cellular networks: Key design issues and a survey", IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, Vol.15, Issue 2, pp. 678-700, May 2013

    [17] Assaad, Mohamad, and Alain Mourad, "New frequency-time scheduling algorithms for 3GPP/LTE-like OFDMA air interface in the downlink", IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, pp.1964-1969, May 2008

    [18] Wu, Shih-Jung, and Liou Chu, "A novel packet scheduling scheme for downlink LTE system", IEEE Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing (IIH-MSP) Conference, pp.25-28, Oct 2011

    [19] AlQahtani, Salman Ali, and Mohammed Alhassany, "Comparing different LTE scheduling schemes", IEEE Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), pp.264-269, July 2013

    [20] Kela, Petteri, et al, "Dynamic packet scheduling performance in UTRA long term evolution downlink", IEEE Wireless Pervasive Computing International Symposium, pp.308-313, May 2008

    [21] Liu, Deming, and Yann-Hang Lee, "An efficient scheduling discipline for packet switching networks using earliest deadline first round robin", IEEE Computer Communication and Networks Conference, pp. 453-474, Oct 2003

    [22] Stolyar, Alexander L, and Kavita Ramanan, "Largest weighted delay first scheduling: Large deviations and optimality", Annals of Applied Probability, vol.11, pp.1-48, Nov 2001

    [23] Ramli, Huda Adibah Mohd, et al, "Performance of well known packet scheduling algorithms in the downlink 3GPP LTE system", IEEE Malaysia International Conference Communications (MICC), pp.815-820, Dec 2009

    [24] Lin, Yan, and Guangxin Yue, "Channel-adapted and buffer-aware packet scheduling in LTE wireless communication system", IEEE Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM) Conference, pp.815-820, Oct 2008

    [25] Zaki, Yasir, et al, "Multi-QoS-aware fair scheduling for LTE", IEEE Vehicular technology conference (VTC spring), pp.1-5, May 2011

    [26] Skoutas, Dimitrios N., and Angelos N. Rouskas, "Scheduling with QoS provisioning in mobile broadband wireless systems", IEEE European Wireless Conference (EW), pp.422-428, April 2010

    [27] Afroz, Farhana, Kumbesan Sandrasegaran, and Pantha Ghosal, "Performance analysis of PF, M-LWDF and EXP/PF packet scheduling algorithms in 3GPP LTE downlink", IEEE Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ATNAC), pp.

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