Photovoltaic system simulation for optimal design and maximum profitability

Number of pages: 82 File Format: word File Code: 32231
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Biology - Environment
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  • Summary of Photovoltaic system simulation for optimal design and maximum profitability

    Abstract

    Photovoltaic or PV for short is one of the types of electricity generation systems from solar energy. In this method, by using solar cells, direct production of electricity from sunlight becomes possible. Solar cells are semi-conductors that are made of silicon, the second most abundant element in the earth's crust. When sunlight shines on a photovoltaic cell, a potential difference occurs between the two negative and positive electrodes, and this causes current to flow between them. Photovoltaics can be classified as renewable energy technologies.

    There are two main types of photovoltaic (PV) systems for use in buildings: stand-alone and grid-connected. When connecting to the power grid is not possible or desirable, a single system is needed. In such cases, several warehouses are needed to provide electricity at night or on cloudy days, as well as when the maximum amount of electricity is needed. The size of the PV arrays is adjusted to handle both the normal daily loads and storage charging. In a system connected to the grid, a converter is needed to change the direct current from the PV array to alternating current (AC) with the appropriate grid voltage. It should be noted that in this case, there is no need for a warehouse, and in this way, significant savings will be made in both the cost and the maintenance of the system. In individual systems, the excess electricity produced during the day is stored in warehouses for use at night or on dark and cloudy days. Because the converters, cells, and storage are expensive, a hybrid system that uses wind power is often the ideal complement to a PV system because not only does the wind blow at night, but there is usually significant wind in bad weather. In addition, in winter, when there is little solar energy to harvest, the weather is usually windier than in summer. However, not all regions are suitable for using wind power. In the country of Iran, due to the problems of fossil energy resources (limitation and environmental pollution), the limitations of electricity supply, the use of renewable energy and the existence of a huge source of solar energy throughout Iran and the necessity of maximum exploitation of this energy, it becomes more necessary. Due to the high initial cost of these power plants, taking into account financial issues, reliability and optimal design of photovoltaic power plants is essential. In the design of solar power systems connected to the grid and disconnected from the grid, the number of required batteries, required panels, charge controller and inverter should be calculated in such a way that they have the best efficiency and maximum profitability. Also, the amount of space required to install solar panels, the costs and calculations related to the return on investment and the amount of greenhouse gases that are not released into the atmosphere by carrying out solar projects should be included in the calculations. style="direction: rtl;">1-1- Getting to know the types of power plants

    Power plants are used to produce electricity. These power plants have different types as follows

    1- Diesel power plant

    2- Gas power plant

    3- Boiler power plant

    4- Combined cycle power plant

    5- Hydroelectric power plant

    6- Nuclear power plant

    7- Reserve pump power plant

    8- Solar power plant

    9- Wind power plant

    10- Geothermal power plant

    11- Jazr and Madi hydro power plant

    1-1-1- Diesel power plant

    In this type of power plants, the driving force of the generator is supplied by an internal combustion diesel engine. Today, diesel power plants are used less as a basic power plant and more for emergency situations and possibly the maximum load of the network.Today, diesel power plants are less used as a basic power plant and are mostly used for emergency situations and probably the maximum load of the network. Currently, diesel power plants are used in areas of Iran that are not connected to the national grid. These power plants usually have a production capacity of 630KW to 12000KW. Figure (1) shows a picture of a diesel power plant. 

     

    Figure 1- 1- Diesel power plant

     
    The advantages of diesel power plant are:

    -1 These power plants do not need water.

    - 2 as emergency power in places like hospitals, universities and . They are used.

    3. They are used in remote centers where the cost of electricity transmission is higher than the production cost of a diesel power plant. rtl;"> - 2 These types of power plants have a short life due to the many mechanical movements in them

    - 3 These types of power plants have low efficiency. (Efficiency is the ratio of the energy taken from the power plant to the energy given to the power plant)

    4- Due to the low efficiency of these power plants, the cost of their electricity is high. The fluid that causes the turbine to rotate is the ambient air. Compressors are used in these power plants. Compressors are devices that compress air and increase its pressure by sucking ambient air into it. Usually, to increase the efficiency of the power plant, the incoming air is passed through the vicinity of the exhaust gases from the turbine chimney to heat the incoming air to the compressor. Compressed air in the compressor enters the combustion chamber, where it combines with fossil fuel and burns, and a hot, high-pressure gas exits the combustion chamber, which is also a pollutant. In order for the high-pressure hot gas entering the turbine to move its rotating axis, this gas must enter the turbine at a high speed. This action is performed by the nozzle at the beginning of the turbine. Therefore, the high-pressure and hot gas hits the turbine blades at a high speed and causes the turbine rotor to rotate, and the rotational movement of the turbine rotor also causes the generator to rotate and, as a result, generate electricity. The fuel of these power plants is usually fuel oil, gas and diesel. (Figure 2)

    Figure 1-2- Gas power plant

    The advantages of the gas power plant are:

    -1 These power plants do not need water.

    -2 They are built quickly. (It takes about 6 months to build a gas power plant)

    -3 These power plants have a high maneuvering speed. (Increasing and decreasing power plant production is called power plant maneuvering)

    -4 These power plants can be turned on very quickly.

    The disadvantages of gas power plants are:

    -1 The efficiency of these power plants is low.

    -2 The life of these power plants is short.

    -3 The cost of their electricity production is high.

    -4 The energy production range of these power plants is low.

    1-1-3- Heating power plant

    In these power plants, from burning fossil fuels like Oil, natural gas, and fuel oil produce heat by which the water in the boiler turns into dry steam. Dry steam means a steam that is completely gaseous and does not contain any water drops and its temperature is above 500 degrees Celsius. This dry steam enters the turbines and turns the turbine rotor. Due to the rotation of the turbine axis, the generator starts rotating and electricity is produced. The dry vapors coming out of the turbines enter the condenser and turn into liquid. Condenser is a device that cools dry vapor and turns it into liquid.

  • Contents & References of Photovoltaic system simulation for optimal design and maximum profitability

    List:

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  . 1

    Chapter One: Solar Energy

    1-1- Getting to know the types of power plants. 2

    1-1-1- Diesel power plant. 3

    1-1-2- gas power plant. 4

    1-1-3- Bukhari power plant. 5

    1-1-4- Combined cycle power plant. 7

    1-1-5- hydropower plant. 7

    1-1-6- Nuclear power plant:. 9

    1-1-7- Reserve pump power plant. 11

    1-1-8- Solar power plant. 11

    1-1-9- Wind power plant. 12

    1-1-10- geothermal power plant. 13

    1-1-11- Jazr and Madi hydro power plant. 14

    1-1-12- Wave power plants. 15

    1-1-13- Magneto Hydro Dynamics (MHD) power plants. 16

    1-1-14- Biomass power plants. 16

    1-1-15- Combined power plants producing electricity and thermal energy. 17

    1-2- Solar cells. 18

    1-3- Systems 18. 1-4- Introduction of solar energy. 24- 1-5- Solar energy panels. 25- 1-7- Introduction of solar radiation components. 26

    Chapter 2: Thermal-electrical systems

    2-2- Heliostatic power plant (central receiver system) 29

    2-2-Advantages of central receiver power plants. 2-2-2- The main parts of heliostatic power plants. 30

    2-2-1- Heliostat.

    2-2-1- Mirrors

    2-2-1-2- Metal structure and foundation. 31

    2-2-2- Central receiving system. 32

    2-2-2-3- heat transfer system. 33

    2-2-2-3-1- Using water as a fluid. 33

    2-2-2-3-2- Using nitrate salt as a fluid. 33

    2-2-2-4- thermal energy storage system. 34

    2-2-3- Introducing the quantity of reference time. 34

    2-2-3-1- The importance of correctly choosing the reference time in a solar power plant. 34

    2-2-4- Important parameters in choosing the location of the heliostatic power plant. 35

    2-3- Solar power plants of linear parabolic collector type. 35

    2-3-1- The main parts of the solar power plant of the linear parabolic collector type. 36

    2-3-2- The advantages and disadvantages of solar power plants of the linear parabolic collector type. 36

    2-4- Solar power plants with hot air power tower system. 37

    2-4-1- Advantages and disadvantages of solar power plants with hot air power tower system. 38

    2-5- Solar power plant with cold air power tower system. 38

    2-5-1- Advantages and disadvantages of solar power plants with cold air power tower system. 39

    2-6- Solar pool power plants. 39

    2-6-1- Advantages and disadvantages of solar pool power plant. 40

    2-7- Solar power plant with plate collectors. 40

    Chapter three: What are solar cells?

    3-1- Introduction. 42

    3-2- History of solar cells. 42

    3-2-1- Reasons for needing a solar cell. 43

    3-3- Types of solar cells. 43

    3-3-1- single crystal cells. 43

    3-3-2- polycrystalline cells. 43

    3-3-3- amorphous silicon. 43

    3-4- How does silicon make a solar cell? 44

    3-5- CSI silicon crystal. 45

    3-6- Group three and five technologies. 45

    3-7- Multiple equipment with high productivity. 46

    3-8- Making solar cells. 46

    3-9- Advanced solar cells. 46

    3-10- Dissection of a cell. 46

    Chapter Four: Photovoltaic Systems

    4-1- Introduction of the photovoltaic phenomenon. 49

    4-2- Introduction of photovoltaic systems and the advantages and disadvantages of these systems 51

    4-2-1- Advantages of electricity production using photovoltaic systems. 51

    4-2-2- Disadvantages of photovoltaic systems. 51

    4-3-Use of photovoltaic systems. 51

    4-4- Getting to know the different parts of a complete photovoltaic system. 52

    4-5- Efficiency of solar cells. 52

    4-6- The effect of increasing ambient temperature on the electrical characteristic parameters of the solar cell. 53

    4-7- The effect of changing the amount53

    4-7- The effect of changing the amount of energy absorbed from the sun in the electric characteristic curve of the solar cell. 53

    4-8- Increasing the efficiency of photovoltaic cells. 54

    4-9- Components of photovoltaic systems. 55

    4-9-1- Solar panel or module. 55

    4-9-2- Adjuster. 55

    4-9-3- Energy storage unit in photovoltaic systems. 55

    4-9-4- output voltage regulator. 56

    4-9-5- Voltage inverter 56

    4-10- Classification of photovoltaic systems in terms of how to supply the consumer load. 57

    Chapter Five: Analysis of dynamic thermal model of photovoltaic module using electrical circuits

    Abstract. 59

    5-1- Introduction. 59

    5-2- Photovoltaic module thermal model. 61

    5-3- Thermal model coefficients. 62

    5-3-1- Received solar energy. 62

    5-3-2- Produced electrical energy. 63

    5-3-3- heat transfer. 63

    5-3-3-1- Heat transfer by radiation method. 64

    5-3-3-2- heat transfer by displacement method. 64

    5-3-3-3- heat transfer by conduction method. 65

    5-3-4- Thermal capacity. 65

    5-4- Electric equivalent circuit. 66

    5-5- Simulation. 67

    5-6- Conclusion. 74

    Chapter 6: Calculation of the electrical parameters of the photovoltaic cell considering the thermal dynamic model

    Abstract. 75

    6-1- Introduction. 76

    6-2- Thermal model of photovoltaic module. 77

    6-2-1-Cell receiving power. 78

    6-2-2- Power losses. 78

    6-2-3- Thermal capacity. 79

    6-3- Photovoltaic module heat exchange. 80

    6-4- The effect of temperature on the electrical characteristics of the PV module. 80

    6-5- Simulation. 82

    6-5-1- Mattei model 82

    6-5-2- Ulleberg model. 82

    6-6- Conclusion. 89

    Resources. 90

     

    Source:

     

    Abolfazl Jalilund, Hossein Kurd, Ahmad Rouhani. "Design, control and energy management of hybrid photovoltaic-wind-fuel cell system for off-grid applications". Zanjan University.

    Hamid Khoshnazi. "Using photovoltaic system to supply electricity to TV stations". The 6th National Energy Conference. 22 and 23 Khordad 1386

    Samira Manshipour, Farid Khalafi. "Necessity of localization of solar electricity (photovoltaic) technology in the country". The first national renewable energy conference, Islamic Azad University, Takestan branch. August 16, 1987

    Shaghaig Yousefi, Mohsen Parsa Moghadam, Reza Dashti. "Evaluating the impact of distributed generation systems on the performance of electricity distribution networks with a case study of photovoltaic generators". The 6th National Energy Conference. 22 and 23 Khordad 1386

    Mojtabi Rasouli Kohi, Mohammad Taghi Zafaranchizadeh, Peyman Kanaan. "Economic evaluation of solar photovoltaic power plant construction in Iran". The 24th International Electricity Conference. Tehran, November 88.

    Mohammed Taleghani. "Successful examples of using solar cells in Japanese architecture". Architecture and Construction Magazine.

    Morteza Sultan Dehghan. "Nano science and nano structures used in the production of solar and photovoltaic fuels". National Laboratory of Renewable Energy. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry.

    Mossadegh Sojodi, Taghi Sami, Tina Sojodi, Rahim Maddaf, Masoud Safarzadeh. "Effect of accelerated electron beam on photoelectric properties of AlGaAs-GaAs solar cells". The 24th International Electricity Conference. Tehran, November 2018.

Photovoltaic system simulation for optimal design and maximum profitability