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  3. Determining the location, capacity and optimal start-up time of gas-burning generators in order to maintain the reliability of the network, taking into account the issue of electricity transit.

Determining the location, capacity and optimal start-up time of gas-burning generators in order to maintain the reliability of the network, taking into account the issue of electricity transit.

Number of pages: 133 File Format: word File Code: 32225
Year: Not Specified University Degree: Master's degree Category: Biology - Environment
Tags/Keywords: Distribution networks - Distribution systems - Electric energy - Electric transit - Gas generators - Network reliability - The resources of production are scattered
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  • Summary of Determining the location, capacity and optimal start-up time of gas-burning generators in order to maintain the reliability of the network, taking into account the issue of electricity transit.

    Electrical Engineering Master's Thesis - Renewal

    Abstract

    Distribution system managers, as the last chain of the electricity supply chain to subscribers, face problems in their long-term decisions. Paying attention to electricity markets and rates affected by the performance of electricity market players challenges distribution companies, who are responsible and own distribution systems, in making major decisions. On the other hand, scattered productions are sources and options that are developed in order to provide power to subscribers and immunity from additional costs, along with the development of lines, posts, etc. They are considered by decision makers. On the other hand, these resources can be useful in reducing losses and improving reliability. In this thesis, the development of scattered production resources is exclusively considered, and among the various technologies, we choose the gas generator and carry out the development in such a way as to determine the optimal time, place and capacity of the resources needed in the planning period, according to reliability considerations. Studies are conducted in several models, in which retailers will not have a place in the market.  Investigating the development of scattered production resources belonging to distribution companies, investigating the development in the presence of private producers, and investigating the development in the case where there is a possibility of electricity transit in the system, are among the studies of this thesis. But before starting the studies according to the defined models, in the first chapter we will have a brief introduction to distribution networks. In the second chapter, an overview of the types of technology of distributed production resources and the importance of examining them is done. The third chapter presents how to model the problem and the fourth chapter describes the formulation of this problem. Finally, in the fifth chapter, simulation and numerical studies will be carried out to achieve the above goals.

    Introduction

    In today's societies, with the rapid growth of the use of electrical energy, the vital role of this energy is more obvious than ever. Distribution systems play an essential role in providing quality and appropriate service to consumers. There are various objectives in the series of electrical energy distribution system design. However, in this process, first the growth of subscribers is predicted and then the need or lack of capacity development is determined. In a general view, the proposed options in capacity development include the construction or upgrading of posts and lines and scattered production sources, which have recently been considered.  

    Since the use of distributed production resources can have many advantages, in this thesis it is used as the only option in development. Therefore, the course of the thesis will be according to figure (1). As it is known, in the first chapter, a brief overview of power networks will be done with an emphasis on electrical distribution systems. In the second chapter, a brief introduction to the types of distributed production sources and their impact on the electrical distribution networks along with the studies conducted in this field are specified. In the third chapter, how to model the problem will be described. In the fourth chapter, the formulation of the development of distributed production resources is described, and in the fifth chapter, the simulation and results in different situations will be described. Finally, in the sixth chapter, conclusions and suggestions will be presented.

    1 Introduction to the structure of electrical networks with an emphasis on the distribution sector

    1-1 Introduction

    Today, due to the strong dependence on electrical energy, the vital role of this energy in life is not hidden from anyone. Distribution systems, which are the last part of the electricity supply chain to the consumers of this energy, play an essential role in providing a suitable, reliable and quality service. In this section, due to the mentioned importance, we will present the structure of a power system based on the electrical energy distribution section.

    1-2     Structure of power systems

    The importance of electrical energy in the life of today's societies is not hidden from anyone. Due to the simplicity of conversion to other types of energy, ease of transfer, easy control and environmental considerations, electric energy has been used more than other types of energy.The main goal of a power system is to provide the electrical energy needed by subscribers with the lowest price and the best possible quality. In the current situation, electrical energy is mainly produced in thermal power plants, either thermal or gas, as well as hydroelectric and nuclear power plants, which are usually located at great distances from consumption centers. The location of power plants is chosen according to environmental considerations, the availability of fuel and usually a lot of water, proximity to consumption centers and many other factors, generally in such a way that the cost of construction and operation is minimized according to all factors. In order to reduce losses, the energy produced is transported with very high voltages and by transmission lines near the consumption centers, and after reducing the voltage, it reaches the consumers through the distribution network. Therefore, the electricity industry has always been associated with the three main activities of production, transmission and distribution, and most of the institutions that are active in the field of energy cover one of the three above-mentioned activities in a specific geographical area[1]. For water units, the distance of big rivers from cities and for atomic and fossil power plants should be safety and environmental considerations. Therefore, it seems necessary to have a proper energy transmission system available to transfer the energy of these power plants to the consumption centers. To transmit large amounts of energy over long distances, a very high voltage system is needed, which is sometimes called the main transmission system. These systems work with voltages above 300 kV, usually 400 or 500 or 765 kV. Usually the following definitions are used for different voltage levels. Weak or low voltage (LV) refers to less than one kilovolt. Medium voltage (MV) covers voltages between 1 to 36 kV and is especially used in distribution networks, and high voltage (HV) is used for voltages above 36 kV. Of course, in each electrical energy system, the concepts of low, medium and high voltage are relative and do not necessarily match perfectly with what is used in another system. Very high voltage (EHV) is usually used to emphasize voltages above 300 kV. Transmission networks are usually interconnected, and for complex networks, even simultaneous faults and errors may not cause interruption of consumers. 

     

     

     

    Abstract
    Distribution systems as the last chain of electricity delivery to customers are facing many problems. Electricity market prices are influenced by market players and this may cause problems for distribution companies. Distributed generation is an alternative to meet demand, which reduces the costs of distribution companies. Distributed generations become attractive because of its benefits, such as: loss reduction, improvement of reliability, better voltage profile. In this research, we propose an algorithm which considers distributed generation impacts on expansion planning. In this research, we use gas turbine electricity generation. The illustration of the optimal sitting, timing and sizing of the distributed generation with reliability and loss is considered. Our models, impalement no retailer in market model. The research concludes three models. In the first model, the distribution company implements the expansion planning model with out of any open access permission to the distribution system participants and it minimizes the costs of the system. The second model considers the independent producers in the distribution system. The third model considers the expansion plan with power exchange. In all cases, we consider the system costs and reliability indices for optimization. In case study we use the nine bus distribution system for implementation of three scenario driven optimization. Different optimized generation planning scenarios are compared. The model is formulated and implemented on GAMS software.

  • Contents & References of Determining the location, capacity and optimal start-up time of gas-burning generators in order to maintain the reliability of the network, taking into account the issue of electricity transit.

    List:

    1 Getting to know the structure of electrical networks with emphasis on the distribution sector. 3

    1-1 Introduction. 3

    1-2 structure of power systems. 3

    1-3 Familiarity with distribution networks. 5

    1-4 types of distribution networks. 5

    1-5 islanding. 8

    1-6 effective factors in the design and operation of distribution networks. 9

    2 An overview of scattered production sources and the importance of their study 14

    2-1 An overview of scattered production sources 14

    2-1-1 Non-renewable resources 15

    2-1-1-1 Gas turbines. 15

    2-1-1-2 piston internal combustion engines. 17

    2-1-1-3 Micro turbine technology 20

    2-1-2 Renewable resources 21

    2-1-2-1 Small water turbines. 21

    2-1-2-2 fuel cells. 21

    2-1-2-3 wind energy 22

    2-1-2-4 photovoltaic systems. 23

    2-1-2-5 Using the heat of the sun's energy. 24

    2-1-2-6 Biomass 25

    2-1-2-7 Geothermal. 26

    2-1-3 Comparison of various technologies 26

    2-2 Importance of distributed production 28

    2-2-1 Economic benefits. 28

    2-2-2 Safe and secure production. 29

    2-2-3 Social benefits. 30

    2-2-4 Environmental benefits. 30

    2-2-5 The limitations of distributed generation 31

    2-2-6 The effects of distributed generation sources on electrical networks. 31

    2-2-7 Impact of DG on distribution network reliability. 32

    2-2-8 The effect of DG on voltage regulation in the network. 33

    2-2-9 Protection. 34

    2-2-10 Possible negative effects of DG in the network. 34

    2-3 Studies done 35

    3 Modeling considerations in DG development. 39

    3-1 Effective factors in modeling. 40

    3-1-1 Structure of distribution networks. 40

    3-1-1-1 exclusive model. 40

    3-1-1-2 competitive model. 43

    3-1-2 Important points in the development of distributed production resources 44

    3-2 Choosing the type of technology. 45

    3-3 problem modeling. 46

    3-3-1 Effect of DG on casualties. 47

    3-3-2 Effect of DG on reliability. 47

    3-3-2-1 Indicators used in distribution reliability evaluation. 48

    3-4 multi-criteria decision making 51

    3-4-1 multi-attribute optimization. 51

    3-4-2 multi-objective optimization. 52

    3-4-2-1 sequential optimization method. 52

    3-4-2-2 method of weighting coefficients. 53

    3-4-2-3 restriction method. 53

    4 Formulation of development of DG resources in distribution networks. 56

    4-1 Formulation of load spreading 56

    4-2 Limitations of load spreading 59

    4-3 Limitation of buying power from the network. 60

    4-4 The cost of purchasing power from the wholesale market. 61

    4-5 Modeling of distributed production 62

    4-6 Formulation of development of distributed production resources 63

    4-7 DG investment and operation costs. 63

    4-7-1 DG investment cost. 63

    4-7-2 Cost of operation of DG. 64

    4-8 Casualty cost formulation. 65

    4-9 formulation of reliability. 65

    5 numerical studies and simulation. 72

    5-1 First study: Exclusive DisCo model without the presence of private DGs. 72

    5-1-1 The studied system. 73

    5-1-1-1 The results of the first study. 78

    5-1-1-2 Summary. 85

    5-1-2 Effect of changing load growth rate 86

    5-1-2-1 Summary. 92

    5-2 The second study: the combined presence of private and non-private DGs. 92

    5-2-1 Simulation 1. 96

    5-2-2 Summary. 101

    5-3 The third study: Development of DG in the presence of transit. 102

    5-3-1 Determining the optimal location, time and capacity of DG resources in the presence of transit. 102

    5-3-1-1 Simulation 2. 102

    5-3-1-2 Simulation 3. 104

    5-3-1-3 Effect of changing transit capacity. 110

    5-3-1-4 summary. 114

    6 Conclusion and suggestion 117

    6-1 Conclusion. 117

    6-2 suggestions. 118

    7 Sources and references 119

    Source:

    1

    [1] Ahmadian, M., 1376, Design and development of distribution networks, textbook, University of Water and Power Engineering, Tehran.

    [2] Sadeghi, M. 2017, Determining the optimal location and capacity of scattered production resources in order to reduce losses and increase reliability, Master's thesis, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Technology, Tarbiat University

    [3] Bureau of Improvement and Productivity of Electricity and Energy Economy, 2018, comprehensive guide for simultaneous production of electricity and heat, Ministry of Energy. Available at: www.igmc.ir.

    [4] Mohammadi, A., 2017, Placement of scattered production resources in distribution networks with the aim of improving voltage profile, reliability and reducing losses, Master's seminar, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Technology, University of Water and Electricity Industry.

    [5] Falaghi, H. 1387, optimal planning of distribution networks in the presence of distributed generation, PhD thesis, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Technical Engineering, Tarbiat Madras University.

    [6] Lotfi, A., 1387, production development planning in the market environment, master seminar, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Engineering, University of Water and Electricity Industry.

    [7] Etihad, M.T., 1387, choosing a suitable method for planning production development in Iran, bachelor thesis Master, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Water and Electricity Industry. 

    [8]Willis, H. L. and Scott, W. G., 2000, Distributed Power Generation : Planning and Evaluation Power Engineering, by Marcel Dekker, Washington.

    [9]Carmen, L., Borges, T., Djalma, M., Falca,. A, 2006, Optimal distributed generation allocation for reliability, losses, and voltage improvement, Electrical Power and Energy Systems, pp. 413–420.

    [10]Wangdee, W., 2005, Bulk electric system reliability simulation and application, Department of Electrical Engineering, PhD thesis, University of Saskatchewan, Canada.

    [11]Energy and Environmental Analysis., 2008, Technology Characterization: Gas Turbine Engines, available at http://www.epa.gov/chp/basic/catalog.html

    [12]Energy and Environmental Analysis., 2008, Technology Characterization: Reciprocating Engines, available at http://www.epa.gov/chp/basic/catalog.html,.

    [13] Caire, R., Retiere, N., Martino, S., Andrieu, C., Hadjsaid, N., 2002, Impact assessment of LV distributed generation on MV distribution network, IEEE, Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, vol.3, pp.1423 – 1428.

    [14] Azmy, A.M., Erlich, I., 2005, Impact of distributed generation on the stability of electrical power system, IEEE, Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Vol. 2, pp. 1056 – 1063.

    [15] Walmir, F., Morelato, A., 2006, Comparative Analysis Between Synchronous and Induction Machines for Distributed Generation Applications, IEEE Trans on Power Sys, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 301-311.

    [16] Acharya, N., Mahat, P., Mithulananthan, N., 2006, An analytical approach for DG allocation in primary distribution network, Electrical Power and Energy Systems, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand, pp. 669–678.

    [17] Setayesh-Nazar, M., Haghifam, M.R., 2009, Multiobjective electric distribution system expansion planning using hybrid energy hub concept, Electric Power System Research, pp. 899-911.

    [18] Cano, E.B., 2007, Utilizing fuzzy optimization for distributed generation allocation, IEEE, Region 10 Conferenc, Taipie, pp.1-4.

    [19] AlHajri, M.F., AlRashidi, M.R., El-Hawary, M.E, 2007, Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization Approach for Optimal Distribution Generation Sizing. and Allocation in Distribution Systems, Electrical and Computer Engineering. Canadian Conference, pp.1290-1293.

    [20] Caisheng, W., Nehrir, H. ,2004, Analytical Approaches for Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation Sources in Power Systems”, IEEE Trans on Power Sys, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp.2068-2076. [21] Kashem, M.A. Le, Negnevitsky, M. Ledwich, G, 2006, Distributed generation for minimization of power losses in distribution systems", IEEE, Power Engineering Society General Meeting, pp. 1232-1240.

    [22] Alinejad-Beromi, Y., Sedighizadeh, M., Bayat, M.R. Khodayar, M.E., 2007, Using genetic algorithm for distributed generation allocation to reduce losses and improve voltage profile, UPEC, 42nd International Universities Power Engineering Conference.UPEC, pp.954-959.

    [23] Celli, G., Ghiani, E., Mocci, S., Pilo, F., 2005, A Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithm for the Sizing and Siting of Distributed Generation,

    IEEE Trans on Power Sys, Vol.

Determining the location, capacity and optimal start-up time of gas-burning generators in order to maintain the reliability of the network, taking into account the issue of electricity transit.
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