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The effect of back spark phenomenon in transmission lines on distance relay performance

Number of pages: 118 File Format: word File Code: 32199
Year: 2013 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Electrical Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Back spark phenomenon - distance - Distance protection relay - High pressure transmission lines - Lightning - Primary arcs - Protection relay - Relay function - Return arc - Transmission lines
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  • Summary of The effect of back spark phenomenon in transmission lines on distance relay performance

    Dissertation for Master's Degree in Electrical Engineering

    Power Orientation

    Abstract

    In this thesis, the effect of return arc phenomenon on the performance of distance protection relay is evaluated. Because the lightning striking the tower or the wire guard in the transmission lines can cause a return arc on the chain of insulators. Therefore, at first, different methods of modeling the parameters and equipment of transmission lines, including the mast, insulator chain, and lightning source, and the return arc phenomenon (primary and secondary arc models) are examined using important references in this field, and several models are introduced for each of these parameters. Then the effect of return arc on distance relay performance is investigated. In this way, the most important step is the simulation of the implementation steps of these models in the sample network by EMTP-RV software.

    keyword - lightning, high voltage transmission lines, return arc, distance protection relay.

    1 statement of the problem and causes of investigation

    One ??of the important factors in the occurrence of automatic transient outages of overhead transmission lines[1] is the collision of lightning[2] with the equipment of the lines. The statistics extracted from the investigation of the incidents of the western regional power grid lines show that on average, more than 70% of the automatic outages of the lines each year occurred due to lightning strikes and mainly the return arc phenomenon [3]. The diagram (Figure 1-1) shows the contribution of each factor in the occurrence of automatic outages of energy transmission lines in each year on average [1] and [2].

    (images are available in the main file)

    The impact of lightning on the lines can cause short circuit and automatic disconnection of overhead transmission lines in two ways:

    E Lightning impact to the main conductors of the line, which has induced the potential in the conductors and at different points of the mast, especially in the chain of insulators[4], causing the discharge from the conductor to the ground parts, and in the form of a phase-to-ground connection, it causes the automatic disconnection of the line. In lines that do not have a protective wire or the protective wire does not completely cover the phase conductors, this type of connection occurs more often.

    E in transmission lines, when the tower or aerial ground wire [5] is struck by lightning, due to the passage of the lightning current, a potential difference between the tower and the phase conductors is created, which if this potential difference is large enough Therefore, a spark is established from the tower to the phase conductor, which is called a return arc [3], [4] and [5]. The maintenance and protection of these systems against events and incidents have always been and are inevitable. Therefore, the error in the airlines should be cleared as soon as possible in order to prevent the spread of widespread effects that can greatly affect the consumer. To fulfill these conditions, each section of the line is opened by means of a protection relay that is automatically placed on the power switch on each side of the line to isolate the line from fault. The distance relay [6] is also used as the main protection [7] and the protection of the subsequent parts [8] of the transmission line. 1-2 objectives of the thesis Research on the factors causing return arc in the transmission lines and its effect on the performance of the distance relay has been evaluated. Due to the scope and importance of the topic, this research can include different parts.

    The objectives of this thesis can be generally divided into two categories:

    1-2-1 Accurate modeling of the transmission line, return arc and distance relay

    because it is very difficult and almost impossible to calculate the error caused by the return arc phenomenon on the distance relay in the power transmission system. Accurate modeling of each of the mentioned items is very important.Mathematical models are simulated by EMTP-RV [9] software.

    1-2-2 Investigation and analysis of the effect of the return arc phenomenon on distance relay performance

    In this thesis, the effects of the return arc phenomenon on the transmission line are investigated and analyzed based on the following parameters.

    E transmission line.

    E mast.

    E insulating chain.

    E lightning.

    E fault arc.

    E distance relay.

    The second chapter of each of the mentioned cases has been studied and discussed.

    In the third chapter, the studied transmission line and its related components and the models used in the simulation of these components are introduced. The simulations of this chapter have been done using EMTP-RV software. The fourth chapter analyzes the results obtained from the simulations. In the fifth chapter, the results are obtained and the suggestions are presented. 2-1 Introduction Lightning is one of the most important reasons for power outages and destruction of power transmission network equipment, and lightning strikes with transmission network equipment can lead to huge economic damage and long-term blackouts. In the lines, due to the extension of the transmission line, there is a possibility of lightning striking it directly, which causes risks for the insulation system of the transmission line (insulators). Transmission lines, high voltage [1] (voltage level between 72.5 and 245 kV) and very high voltage [2] (voltage level between 300 and 765 kV) according to the international standard IEC [3] are used as "highways" to transfer electricity from the power plant to the load center (Figure 1-2). Although transmission lines are equipped with aerial wire guards to limit direct lightning strikes, there are still disturbances due to direct and indirect lightning strikes. Statistics show that more than 70% of all faults in overhead transmission lines are temporary and the phase arc fault to the ground is due to direct or indirect lightning strikes. Evaluated. Since Indirect Lightning Strikes in the Tower or in the Overhead Ground Wire in Transmission Lines Can Cause Back Flashover on the String Insulator. At First Different Methods of Modeling of Parameters and Equipment of Transmission Lines Including Tower, String Insulator and Lighting Impulse as a Source of Fault Arc and Back Flashover (Primary and Secondary Arc Models) With Using Available References in This Field to be Considering and Presenting Some Models for each Parameters.

    In This Way the Important Step is Simulation of Process of These Models Implementation in the Sample of Network by EMTP-RV Software.

  • Contents & References of The effect of back spark phenomenon in transmission lines on distance relay performance

    List:

    Chapter One: Introduction. 2

    1-1 statement of the problem and reasons for the investigation. 3

    1-2 objectives of the thesis. 4

    1-2-1 accurate modeling of transmission line, return arc and distance relay. 5

    1-2-2 Investigating and analyzing the effect of return arc phenomenon on distance relay performance. 5

    Chapter Two: Evaluation of the overhead transmission line model, distance relay performance review (overview of the work done). 6

    2-1 Introduction. 7

    2-2 components of the air transmission line model. 10

    2-2-1 transmission line model. 10

    2-2-1-1 fixed frequency models. 10

    2-2-1-2 models with frequency-dependent parameters and constant transfer matrix. 10

    2-2-1-3 models with frequency-dependent parameters and transfer matrix. 10

    2-2-1-4 models with frequency-dependent parameters in the phase domain 10

    2-2-2 transmission line tower model. 11

    2-2-2-1 multi-structure model. 11

    2-2-2-2 simplified multi-structure model. 13

    2-2-2-3 simple wide line model. 13

    2-2-3 Insulating chain model and electrical breakdown mechanism. 14

    2-2-3-1 critical voltage model. 15

    2-2-3-2 model of Lidar advancement method 15

    2-2-4 lightning wave model. 17

    2-3 Fault arc 21

    2-3-1 Lightning strike as source of arc. 21

    2-3-2 fault arc model 23

    2-4 distance protection. 26

    2-4-1 The basis of distance protection function. 28

    2-4-2 Characteristics of distance protection. 29

    2-4-2-1 characteristic of fog. 30

    2-4-2-2 polygon characteristic. 31

    2-4-3 Definitions. 33

    2-4-3-1 time of error clearing 33

    2-4-3-2 time of relay operation. 33

    2-4-3-3 operation time of trip and auxiliary relays. 33

    2-4-3-4 when the power switch is opened. 33

    2-4-3-5 main protection. 33

    2-4-3-6 backup protection. 33

    2-4-3-7 protection area. 33

    2-4-3-8 Reliability. 33

    2-4-3-9 sensitivity 34

    2-4-3-10 detection power. 34

    2-4-4 Distance protection settings. 35

    2-4-4-1 impedance diagram (R-X). 37

    2-4-4-2 principle of impedance measurement. 38

    2-4-5 phase-to-phase error check 40

    2-4-6 phase-to-ground error check. 42

    2-4-7 Problems of using distance relay. 48

    Chapter three: Mathematical modeling to investigate the effect of return arc on distance relay performance. 49

    3-1 Introduction. 50

    3-2 transmission network under study. 50

    3-2-1 Material and arrangement of conductors 51

    3-2-2 transmission line tower. 52

    3-2-3 Mast foot resistance. 53

    3-2-4 insulating chain. 53

    3-2-5 source of lightning current. 53

    3-3 fault arc model 55

    3-3-1 experimental simulation of equivalent circuit and analysis of 20 kV fault arc. 57

    3-4 distance protection relay model. 64

    3-4-1 General structure. 64

    3-4-2 ZPG impedance block. 67

    3-4-3 area detection device. 69

    3-4-4 Validation of distance relay with polygonal characteristic. 73

    Chapter Four: Simulation of the effect of return arc on distance relay performance. 78

    4-1 Introduction. 79

    2-4 study and modeling of the network considering the effect of lightning strikes with different currents. 79

    4-3 Lightning strikes with different current amplitudes. 81

    4-3-1 lightning strike with a current range of 10 kiloamperes. 81

    4-3-1-1 Investigation of insulation failure (return arc) at both ends of the insulator with a current range of 10 kiloamperes. 81

    4-3-2 lightning strike with a current range of 36 kiloamperes. 82

    4-3-2-1 Investigation of insulation failure (return arc) at both ends of the insulator with a current range of 36 kiloamperes. 82

    4-3-2-2 Operation of distance relay with ANSI code 21-21N with polygonal characteristic at bus A and B location to protect the transmission line 82

    4-3-3 lightning strike with a current range of 40 kA. 85

    4-3-3-1 Checking the fault (return arc) at both ends of the insulating chain with a current range of 40 kiloamperes. 85

    4-3-3-2 Function of distance relay in bus A and B to protect the transmission line. 87

    4-3-4 lightning strike with a current range of 100 kiloamperes. 90

    4-3-4-1 Checking the fault (return arc) at both ends of the insulating chain with a current range of 100 kiloamperes. 90

    4-3-4-2 Function of distance relay in bus A and B location to protect the transmission line. 91

    4-4 network simulation results considering the return arc phenomenon. 94

    Chapter five: conclusions and suggestions. 96

    5-1 Conclusion. 97

    5-297

    5-2 suggestions. 98

    References. 99

    Appendix: information on the power system used 103

    Source:

    [1] Western Regional Electricity Dispatching Center "Information about automatic outages of transmission and super distribution lines" [2] Western Regional Electricity Technical Book "Reviewing the report of automatic outages of transmission and super distribution lines"

    [3] Report of Flashover Voltage in Northern Region Operation Division 1996-2003, EGAT, Thailand. (in Thai) Progression Model in Backfalashover Analysis", First International Power and Energy Conference (PECon), November 28-29, 2006. [6] T. E. Jr. Brown, "The Electric Arcs as a Circuit Element", J. Electrochem. Soc, 102, pp. 27-37, 1955.

     

    [7] A. T. Johns, A. M. AL-Rawi, "Digital Simulation of EHV Systems Under Secondary Arcing Conditions Associated With Single-Pole Autoreclosure", lEE Proc, Vol. 129, Pt. C, No. 2, pp 49-58, March 1982. [8] M. Kizilcay, T. Pniok, "Digital Simulation of Fault Arcs in Power System", European Transaction on Electrical Power (ETEP), Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 55-60, January/February 1991. [9] Kizilcay, M; Koch, K.H "Numerical Fault Arc Simulation Based on Power Arc Tests", European Transactions on Electrical Power, ETEP, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 177-185, May/June 1994. [10] H. M. Kudyan, C. H. Shih, "A Nonlinear Circuit Model for Transmission Lines in Corona", IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol. 3, 1981.

                            

    [11] J. A. Martinez, F. C. Aranda, “Modeling of Overhead Transmission Lines for Lightning Studies”, IPST Conference on Power Systems Transient, Muntral, Canada on June 2005.

    [12] j. R. Marti, "Accurate Modeling of Frequency Dependent Transmission Lines in Electromagnetic Transient Simulations", IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.1, No. 1, pp. 147-157, January 1982.

    [13] B. Gustavsen, A. Semlyen, "Calculation of transmission line transients using decomposition", IEEE Transactoin on Power Delivery, Vol. 13, NO. 3, pp.855-862, October 1998.

    [14] C. J. Coelho, J. A. dias pinto, "Back Flashover Analysis of Overhead Transmission Lines for Different Tower and Lightning Models", IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol. 5, No. 1, May 2001.

    [15] A. Morched, L. Marti, "A High Frequency Transformer Model for the EMTP", IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol. 8, No. 3, July 1993.

    [16] A. Abur, O. Ozgun, F. H. Magnago, "Accurate Modeling and simulation of transmission line transients using frequency dependent model transformation", IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, vol. 3, pp. 339-345, November 1994. [17] J. W. Woo, J. S. Kwak, H. J. Ju, H. H. Lee, J. D. Moon, "The Analysis Results of Lightning Over Voltages by EMTP for Lightning Protection Design of 500 kV Substation", International Conference on Power Systems Transients, pp. 1-5, June 2005.

    [18] T. Ueda, M. Yoda, I. Miyachi, "Characteristics of Lightning Surges Observed At 77 kV Substations", Electrical Engineering in Japan, Vol. 124, pp. 40-48, August 1998.

     

    [19] T. Ueda, S. Neo, T. Funabashi, T. Hagiwara, H. Watanabe, "Flashover Model for Arcing Horns and Transmission Line Arresters", International Conference on Power System Transients, pp. 328–333, September 1995. [20] P. C. A. Mota, M. L. R. Chaves, J. R.

The effect of back spark phenomenon in transmission lines on distance relay performance
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