Investigation of the performance and simulation of CVOR and DVOR navigation systems in multi-track channels

Number of pages: 127 File Format: word File Code: 32166
Year: 2010 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Electrical Engineering
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  • Summary of Investigation of the performance and simulation of CVOR and DVOR navigation systems in multi-track channels

    Master's Thesis

    Electrical Engineering - System Telecommunication Orientation

    Abstract

     

         The VOR navigation system is a radio navigation system that has tactical and non-tactical applications and is called CVOR and DVOR types are made. This system is widely used in military and civilian air services in most countries of the world by determining the position (direction) of the flying vehicle in relation to the ground station transmitter. The VOR navigation system works in the VHF frequency range from 0.108 MHz to 117.95 MHz in the form of 200 channels. The difference between CVOR and DVOR is only in the antenna structure of the ground station, because the receiver and the relationship of the signal sent from the transmitter of both systems are the same. The transmitter antenna consists of two main parts, sideband and carrier, to send two 30 Hz signals. The function of the VOR system is that it extracts the direction information from the phase difference of two 30 Hz reference and variable phase signals. The phase difference is different for each plane position. In other words, the phase difference of two 30 Hz signals changes linearly depending on the position of the plane. Two 30 Hz signals are sent under analog modulation from the ground station. In flight, the aircraft receives these two signals with the reflected signal from the ground surface, mountains and nearby obstacles such as hangars and buildings. Multipath signals interfere with the phase difference detection of two 30 Hz signals at the VOR receiver. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the effects of multi-path phenomenon on CVOR and DVOR system and compare them through system modeling and simulation. In this regard, the effects of the multipath phenomenon on radio systems, communication channel modeling, ground station performance, transmission signal extraction, and receiver simulation have been investigated. Then, the performance of the VOR system in multi-path conditions will be specifically investigated. In this thesis, the CVOR and DVOR navigation systems in multi-path conditions are compared and their differences in the real scenario with the presence of obstacles are examined. Determining the flight path is invented. In the old days, the pilot used tools such as high mountains, fire smoke, and unevenness to find his way, and now devices such as [1] GPS, [2] TACAN, [3] VOR, [4] WAAS, [5] LAAS, [6] INS and navigation and satellite maps have replaced them. The navigator can determine the position of the aircraft with only one of the WAAS and GPS satellite systems, but the information of the systems is updated from the satellite and cannot be used in some situations. Therefore, the use of systems such as VOR to determine the current position and set the next route becomes inevitable, which is our main topic in this thesis.

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    VOR is a navigation radio on the VHF band for omnidirectional vision [7] of the pilot, which helps the pilot and navigator to determine the flight path according to the available navigation maps. Unlike NDB[8] which transmits the signal without direction, VOR signal information is transmitted in a directional manner. The first type of VOR system was used by the International Civil Aviation Organization in 1960 as a short-range navigation equipment (short-range can be defined as more than 200 nautical miles). In addition to the advantages, this device also has errors that we will describe in this thesis and how to improve them. Although the maintenance of VOR requires a lot of maintenance people, it is inevitable to accept the cost of VOR networks for air routes. VOR is currently used in two ways: Conventional VOR and Doppler VOR. Our aim in this dissertation is to compare CVOR and DVOR in the multipath channel [10] and examine the advantages of using DVOR over CVOR.

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     >> Chapter One <<

     

    CVOR and DVOR navigation system introduction

    and description of their operation principles

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    Chapter One

    Introduction of CVOR and DVOR navigation system and description of their operation principles

    Introduction

    In this chapter, an attempt is made to introduce the VOR navigation system to provide the necessary preparations for examining the topic of this thesis. In short, it can be said that the main task of VOR is to determine the direction angle information [11] for the aircraft. The VOR navigation system is made in two types, CVOR[12] and DVOR[13]. The VOR system consists of two parts: a transmitter (ground station) that sends its signal to all aircraft within the receiving range, and an aircraft receiver that receives the signal and extracts the direction angle information after processing. In this chapter, principles and theory of operation, mission, applications, signal specifications and other features and system parameters of CVOR and DVOR system are examined separately. It is worth mentioning that in this text, the word VOR is used for both CVOR and DVOR systems. 1-1- Definitions and introduction of words Radial distance[14]: The line that connects the plane to the station is called radial distance, which is also referred to as distance or distance[15] in this text. Figure (1-1) shows the radial distance.

    Side Angle: The angle created between the magnetic north vector and the line from the aircraft body to the ground station, in the clockwise direction, is called the side angle. Figure (1-1) shows this angle.

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    Radial [16]: The angle created between the magnetic north vector and the line from the ground station to the aircraft body in the clockwise direction is called radial. Figure (1-1) shows this content.

    Figure 1-1- Bearing angle and radial distance

    1-2- The mission and function of the VOR system

    The VOR system provides the following information to the pilot and navigator:

    A - Determining the direction Aircraft relative to the ground station and displaying direction information

    B - Displaying information related to deviation from the path in units of degrees

    P - Identifying the ground station to the aircraft by sending Morse code (Appendix 3)

    D - Radio communication between the station and the aircraft

    D - Determining the direction of the aircraft in relation to the station (approaching or receding) by the TO or FROM symbol

    H - Aircraft landing

    1-3- Navigation applications of the VOR system

    As mentioned before, the aircraft receiver extracts the necessary information by processing the signal sent by the ground transmitter. Now this question is raised, in what direction the pilot can use the obtained navigation information

  • Contents & References of Investigation of the performance and simulation of CVOR and DVOR navigation systems in multi-track channels

    List:

    Chapter One: Introduction of CVOR and DVOR navigation system and description of their operation principles 2

    Introduction. 22

    1-1- Definitions and introduction of words 22

    1-2- Mission and function of the VOR system. 23

    1-3- Navigation applications of the VOR system. 23

    1-4- Explaining the principles of the CVOR system. 24

    1-4-1- CVOR transmitter antenna. 25

    1-4-2- Structure and function of CVOR ground station. 25

    1-4-3- CVOR transmitter horizontal pattern. 27

    1-4-4- How to rotate the band-side antenna pattern and create a heart-shaped pattern. 28

    1-4-5- Diagram of transmitter and transmitted signal. 31

    1-4-6- CVOR transmission signal relationships. 33

    1-4-7- CVOR frequency spectrum. 34

    1-5- Explaining the principles of DVOR operation. 35

    1-5-1- DVOR antenna. 35

    1-5-2- Structure and function of DVOR ground station. 35

    1-5-3- horizontal pattern of DVOR transmitter. 38

    1-5-4- The method of electrical rotation of band-side antennas. 38

    1-5-5- block diagram of DVOR transmitter. 38

    1-5-6- DVOR transmission signal relationships. 39

    1-5-7- The frequency spectrum of the received signal of the DVOR system. 40

    1-5-8- DVOR ground check. 40

    1-6- VOR signal silence cone area. 42

    1-7- The relationship between the phase difference of two 30 Hz signals and the position of the aircraft in the VOR system. 42

    1-8- Specifications of the ground site of the VOR and its surroundings. 43

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    1-9- VOR receiver. 44

    Title

    1-9-1- Principles of side calculation. 44

    1-9-2- Processing operations in the receiver 44

    1-9-3- Received signal at the input of the receiver 45

    1-10- Determining the signal characteristics of the ground station telecommunication link. 45

    1-11- signal coverage. 46

    1-12- VOR navigation system parameters. 47

    1-13- Conclusion. 50

    The second chapter: Reviewing the research done regarding CVOR and DVOR. 51

    Introduction. 52

    2-1- CVOR and DVOR angle error in reflective N conditions 54

    2-1-1- CVOR signal processing algorithm. 54

    2-1-2- DVOR signal processing algorithm. 56

    2-2- Simulating the angle measurement error. 61

    2-3- Conclusion. 61

    Chapter 3: Investigation and simulation of air communication channels. 62

    Introduction. 63

    3-1- Generalities. 63

    3-2- Multipath channel model for air links. 65

    3-2-1- Large scale feeding. 65

    3-2-2- Small scale feeding. 66

    3-3- Statistical model of ground-to-air channels in the VHF band. 70

    3-3-1- flight scenario on the route. 73

    3-3-2- Aircraft arrival and departure scenarios 75

    3-3-3- Taxi scenario. 77

    3-3-4- Parking scenario. 78

    3-4- Aggregation of channel parameters in different scenarios for simulation. 79

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    3-5- The method of selecting random channel parameters for the processing system. 80

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    3-6- Simulation of the statistical models of received signals in ground-to-air channels 81

    3-7- Conclusion. 83

    Chapter 4: Investigation and simulation of multipath effects on CVOR and DVOR navigation system performance 84

    Introduction. 85

    4-1- Presentation of receiver and channel parameters and its simulation. 85

    4-2-Relationships of the received signal under the influence of the channel. 92

    4-3- Calculating the dynamic range of the receiver 94

    4-4- Revealing the power of the received signal. 95

    4-5- Determining the error of the navigation system only in the presence of noise and without multipath signal. 98

    4-6- Summarizing the considered conditions and parameters and selecting the scenario. 101

    4-7- Presentation of simulation results. 102

    4-8- Summary and conclusion. 115

    Chapter five: conclusions and suggestions. 117

    The fifth chapter. 118

    Conclusion and suggestions. 118

    List of references. 120

    >> Appendix <<. 122

    Appendix 1: Detailed description of the functional principles of the Alford loop antenna. 123

    Appendix Two: The frequency of the transmitted and received channels of the VOR and LOC system. 125

    Appendix three: Morse code. 126

    Appendix Four: Feeding Riley and Rice. 127

     

     

    Source:

     

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Investigation of the performance and simulation of CVOR and DVOR navigation systems in multi-track channels