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Investigating the effects of the high penetration solar power plant connected to the electricity distribution network

Number of pages: 71 File Format: word File Code: 32163
Year: 2016 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Biology - Environment
Tags/Keywords: Control system - Electricity distribution network - Micro grid - Photovoltaic energy - power plant - Scattered energy sources - Simulation - Solar power plant
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  • Summary of Investigating the effects of the high penetration solar power plant connected to the electricity distribution network

    Master's Thesis of Power Electricity

    Abstract:

    Photovoltaic energy is one of the clean and efficient energies that is expanding rapidly. With the increase in the penetration percentage of these power plants in the power grid, problems arise that may lead to errors and problems in the distribution system. One of the problems that may occur is the issue of voltage increase at the connection point as well as the effect of cloud crossing. In this thesis, a control system has been designed to control the solar power plant with high penetration in the network and the maximum allowed penetration percentage has been obtained for it at different loads. The effect of cloud passage has also been simulated and obtained on this system. The simulations of this project have been carried out in the MATLAB and SIMULINK environment.

    1-1 Dispersed production sources

    In the last few decades, due to the significant increase in the price of fossil fuels and the environmental issues caused by the use of such fuels, as well as in the past few years with the occurrence of environmental disasters in connection with the use of atomic fuel for electricity generation and issues related to the disposal of nuclear waste, the desire to use It has increased greatly from renewable energy sources [1] and without environmental pollution. On the other hand, with the growing demand for electric energy and the growing need for high-quality and reliable electric energy, as well as in many cases, the unresponsiveness of production, distribution and transmission infrastructures in large power grids, it has provided the basis for the development of more and more scattered energy sources [2]. [1]

    Microgrids[3] are low-voltage electrical networks that include distributed energy sources such as microturbines, solar cells, wind turbines, and fuel cells. Microgrids also include energy storage equipment such as batteries and flywheels, as well as controllable loads. Microgrids can be used both in the mode connected to the grid [4] and in the mode separated from the grid [5], which greatly increases the reliability of the delivered energy. In the meantime, the use of solar photovoltaic energy is one of the best ways to prevent the energy and environmental crisis. This energy, which produces electricity directly by radiating light photons to the solar panel, is clean and accessible energy. Considering the abundance of solar energy in Iran, the use of this type of energy in Iran seems very justified. [8]

    In the past two decades, issues such as global warming and air pollution, which are mostly caused by the indiscriminate and increasing consumption of fossil fuels, as well as pollution and issues related to the burial of nuclear waste, and on the other hand, the increase in demand for electrical energy, have led the practitioners and decision makers of the electrical industry to produce electrical energy from renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, as well as newer technologies such as fuel cells [6] take away On the other hand, the need to build new transmission lines and power plants that meet the increasing demand for electric energy, considering the financial issues and practical limitations to upgrade or build and install new systems, has caused scattered production sources to enjoy a high position in the new energy paradigm. For purposes that require electricity with high reliability or high quality, the above needs can be covered by building small-scale power plants close to load centers. In these cases, there is no need to upgrade the existing infrastructure such as transmission lines and distribution and super-distribution substations, and with the same infrastructure, a large amount of increase in demand for electric energy can be covered. Apart from this, the use of this technology and being in the paradigm of distributed production, creates more economic savings and in many cases helps to optimize the existing system in terms of losses, voltage profile and increasing the voltage stability of distribution buses. [3]

    Using these scattered production resources can lead to its own problems and issues in some cases. In such power systems, where the direction of energy flow is not only from the side of the power plants to the downstream, the issues of relay and protection change to a great extent.In this way, protective relays should be set in such a way that they are compatible with the power flow in two directions in the first place and also take action in the event of a fault and prevent the injection of power by scattered production sources at the fault location.  [4]

    In general, the impact of using distributed production resources can be evaluated positively by considering the advantages and disadvantages that it brings. Especially with the view that a large percentage of scattered production resources use new and renewable energies for their energy production, which in turn has a very decisive role in reducing the use of fossil and atomic fuels, which can be very positive in global issues such as global warming or the melting of polar ice that threatens a wide geographical area of ??the planet's inhabitants.[5]

    Dispersed production can require development Reduce transmission line and power plant generator to a great extent. The use of these resources, along with the simultaneous production of heat energy, which is called CHP1, also increases the efficiency of the existing resources. The physical proximity of the load center to the place of energy production makes it possible to use the thermal energy produced for the thermal needs of the load center, which reduces energy loss, which will eventually lead to an increase in energy efficiency. [6]

    The places that use the most distributed generation sources are usually the centers that value high-quality and high-reliability electric energy. Before the use of distributed generation resources can be widely used, it must be proven that the deployment of these resources is beneficial for both the consumer and the network that is connected to it. Many researches have investigated the ability to control and track power in distributed generation sources. [7]

     

    Abstract

    Photovoltaic energy is one of the fastest growing renewable energy sources in the world and as the issue of energy security is becoming more and more important it could be a promising option. But as photovoltaic energy is becoming widespread and the penetration level of photovoltaic power plants increases, issues arise in distribution networks. In this thesis, a power control scheme for a high penetration photovoltaic power plant in a radial distribution network will be presented. This control scheme includes an efficient Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), DC link voltage control by managing power balance between the hysteresis controlled inverter and a boost converter. Another aspect of High Penetration PV (HPPV) which is overvoltage in Point of Common Coupling (PCC) and effects of cloud transient are also investigated and maximum allowable Penetration Level (PL) will be determined. Simulations have been done in Matlab/Simulink environment.

  • Contents & References of Investigating the effects of the high penetration solar power plant connected to the electricity distribution network

    List:

    Chapter One: Introduction to Research Principles ................4

    1-1            Scattered production sources. 5

    1-2             Benefits of implementing distributed manufacturing. 8

    1-3            Scattered production centered on fuel cell and photovoltaic converters. 11

    Chapter Two: Literature and Records Review 17 Chapter Three: Materials and Methods 30 3-1 Solar Power Plants. 31

    1-1-3           History of solar cells. 31

    2-1-3           Solar panel manufacturing technology. 32

    3-1-3         Solar panel modeling. 37

    4-1-3         Photovoltaic system engineering. 41

    5-1-3         The structure of a photovoltaic system. 41

    6-1-3           Types of photovoltaic systems. 42

    7-1-3 Advantages and disadvantages of photovoltaic systems. 44

    3-2            Tracking the maximum power point. 45

    1-2-3        Open circuit voltage method and short circuit current method. 48

    2-2-3           P&O method. 50

    3-2-3         Combined methods. 53

    3-3            Connecting to the network of distributed production systems. 55

    1-3-3          Hysteresis control. 56

    Chapter Four: Simulation 61

    1-4 The studied system. 62

    2-4 The impact of high voltage photovoltaic system penetration. 63

    3-4             Effect of cloud passage. 71 Chapter Five: Conclusion 80 References: 84 Source: Mers S, Hitt M, Underhill J, Anderson P, Vogt P, Ingersoll R. The effect of photovoltaic power generation on utility operation. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems 1985; PAS-104(March (3)):524–30.

    [2] Patapoff N, Mattijetz D. Utility interconnection experience with an operating central station MW-Sized photovoltaic plant. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems and Apparatus 1985;PAS-104(August (8)):2020-4.

    [3] Jewell W, Ramakumar R, Hill S. A study of dispersed PV generation on the PSO system. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 1988;3(September (3)):473–8.

    [4] Cyganski D, Orr J, Chakravorti A, Emanuel A, Gulachenski E, Root C, et al. Current and voltage harmonic measurements at the Gardner photovoltaic project. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 1989;4(January (1)):800–9.

    [5] EPRI report EL-6754. Photovoltaic generation effects on distribution feeders, Volume 1: Description of the Gardner, Massachusetts, Twenty-First Century PV Community and Research Program, March; 1990. [6] Jewell W, Unruh T. Limits on cloud-induced fluctuation in photovoltaic generation IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 1990;5(March (1)):8–14. [7] Asano H, Yajima K, Kaya Y. Influence of photovoltaic power generation on required capacity for load frequency control. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 1996;11(March (1)):188-93.

    [8]Yan Zhou; Hui Li; Liming Liu, Integrated Autonomous Voltage Regulation and Islanding Detection for High Penetration PV Applications, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Volume:28, Issue: 6, 2013, Page(s): 2826-2841

    [9] Baran, M.E. Hooshyar, H. ; Zhan Shen; Huang, A. Accommodating High PV Penetration on Distribution Feeders IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Volume:3Issue: 2, 2012, Page(s): 1039-104

    [10]Pezeshki, H.; Wolfs, P.J. ; Ledwich, G. Impact of High PV Penetration on Distribution Transformer Insulation Life, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Volume:29, Issue: 3, 2014, Page(s): 1212-1220

    [11] Murray Thomson and David G. Infield, Network Power-Flow Analysis for a High Penetration of Distributed Generation, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 22 (3). pp. 1157-1162.

    [12] Barry Matherl and Russell Neal, Integrating High Penetrations of PV into Southern California: Year 2 Project Update, National Renewable Energy Laboratory 2011

    [13] Dave Narang and Josh Hambrick, HIGH.

    [12] Barry Matherl and Russell Neal, Integrating High Penetrations of PV into Southern California: Year 2 Project Update, National Renewable Energy Laboratory 2011

    [13] Dave Narang and Josh Hambrick, HIGH PENETRATION PV DEPLOYMENT IN THE ARIZONA PUBLIC SERVICE SYSTEM, National Renewable Energy Laboratory 2011

    [14] Lin, Shaobo, et al. "Configuration of energy storage system for distribution network with high penetration of PV." Renewable Power Generation (RPG 2011), IET Conference on. IET, 2011.

    [15] Pourmousavi, S. A., A. S. Cifala, and M. H. Nehrir. "Impact of high penetration of PV generation on frequency and voltage in a distribution feeder." North American Power Symposium (NAPS), 2012. IEEE, 2012.

    [16] Alam, M. J. E., K. M. Muttaqi, and D. Sutanto. "A Novel Approach for Ramp-Rate Control of Solar PV Using Energy Storage to Mitigate Output Fluctuations Caused by Cloud Passing." (2014): 1-12.

    [17] Ari, G. K., and Yahia Baghzouz. "Impact of high PV penetration on voltage regulation in electrical distribution systems." Clean Electrical Power (ICCEP), 2011 International Conference on. IEEE, 2011.

    [18] Bakhiyi, Bouchra, France Labrèche, and Joseph Zayed. "The photovoltaic industry on the path to a sustainable future—Environmental and occupational health issues." Environment international 73 (2014): 224-234.

    [19] Das, Narottam, Hendy Wongsodihardjo, and Syed Islam. "Modeling of multi-junction photovoltaic cell using MATLAB/Simulink to improve the conversion efficiency." Renewable Energy 74 (2015): 917-924.

    [20] Aissou, S., et al. "Modeling and control of hybrid photovoltaic wind power system with battery storage." Energy Conversion and Management 89 (2015): 615-625. [21] Fialho, L., et al. "A simulation of integrated photovoltaic conversion into electric grid." Solar Energy 110 (2014): 578-594.

    [22] Kai Sun, Li Zhang, Yan Xing, Josep M. Guerrero, A Distributed Control Strategy Based on DC Bus Signaling for Modular Photovoltaic Generation Systems With Battery Energy Storage, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 26, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2011

    [23] Li Zhang, Kai Sun, Yan Xing, Lanlan Feng, Hongjuan Ge, A Modular Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Generation System Based on DC Bus, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 26, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2011

    [24] Mohamed A. Eltawil, Zhengming Zhao, Grid-connected photovoltaic power systems: Technical and potential problems—A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14 (2010) 112–129

    [25] Francisco Jurado, and José Ram?n Saenz, Adaptive Control of a Fuel Cell-Microturbine Hybrid Power Plant, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 18, NO. 2, JUNE 2003

    [26] M. Y. El-Sharkh, A. Rahman, M. S. Alam, A. A. Sakla, , P. C. Byrne, and T. Thomas, Analysis of Active and Reactive Power Control of a Stand-Alone PEM Fuel Cell Power Plant, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 19, NO. 4, NOVEMBER 2004

    [27] G. V. Puskorius and L. A. Feldkamp, ??"Neurocontrol of nfree modelar dynamical systems with Kalman filter trained recurrent networks", IEEE Trans Neural Networks, Page(s): 279-297, Vol.5, No.2, Mar 1994

    [28] Y.M. Chen, Y.C. Liu, F.Y. Wu, "Multi-input converter with power factor correction, maximum power point tracking, and ripple-free input currents," IEEE Trans Power Electron, vol. 19, pp. 631-639, May 2004.

    [29] Zhong Zhi-dan, Huo Hai-bo, Zhu Xin-jian, Cao Guang-yi, Ren Yuan, "Adaptive maximum power point tracking control of fuel cell power plants", J.Power Sources, vol.176, pp. 259–269,  2008.

    [30] C. Hua, J. Lin "An on-line MPPT algorithm for rapidly changing illuminations of solar arrays", Renewable Energy, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 1129 - 1142, Jun 2003

    [31] T. Tafticht, K. Agbossou, M.L. Doumbia, A. Cheriti, "An improved maximum power point tracking method for photovoltaic systems", Renewable Energy, vol 33, no. 7,  pp.1508–1516, 2008.

    [32] Moradi, M.H., Reisi, A.R., 2011. A hybrid maximum power point tracking method for photovoltaic systems. Sol. Energy 85, 2965–2976.

Investigating the effects of the high penetration solar power plant connected to the electricity distribution network
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