Contents & References of Technical and economic feasibility of using fuel cells in oil and gas industries
List:
Abstract
1
Chapter One: Overview of renewable energies
1.1. Introduction
2
1.2. Importance of the subject
3
1.3. Division of energy types
6
1,4. The importance of paying attention to clean energy
7
1.5. Types of renewable energies
8
1.5.1. Blue-electric energy
8
1.5.2. Solar energy
9
1.5.3. Wind energy
11
1.5.4. Geothermal energy (geothermal)
14
1.5.5. Biomass energy
14
1.5.6. Marine energy
15
1.5.7. Hydrogen and fuel
16
1.6. Summary of characteristics of new sources of renewable energy
17
Chapter Two: History of distributed production in the world
2.1. Introduction
19
2.2. Definition of dispersed production resources in different countries of the world
20
2.3. Applications of distributed production resources
20
2.4. Types of distributed production resources technology
21
2.4.1. Reciprocating engines
22
2.4.2. Microturbines
23
2.4.3. Industrial combustion turbines
23
2.4.4. Fuel cells
2.4.5. Advantages of DFC fuel cell power plants 2.4.5. Photovoltaic systems
37
2.4.6. Air turbine systems
37
2.5. The reasons for the approach to the sources of scattered production resources in the world
38
2.6. Obstacles and problems in the development of scattered production resources in the world
39
2.7. Scattered sources of production in Iran
40
2.8. Review of some global experiences
42
Chapter 3: Scattered production in energy distribution systems and its comparison with centralized production
3.1. Introduction
48
3.2. How to connect distributed production sources to the network
50
3.3. Basic advantages of distributed production
52
3.3.1. Power supply
52
3.3.2. Emergency Power
52
3.3.3. Balanced load distribution
52
3.3.4. Improving power quality and power capability
52
3.3.5. Improving the voltage profile
53
3.3.6. Increasing the lifespan of equipment
53
3.3.7. Loss reduction
53
3.3.8. Scattered production and environmental issues
53
3.4. DG connection problems to the distribution network
54
3.5. Problems of reliability and power quality
54
3.5.1. Slow or fast voltage changes
55
3.5.2. Harmonics and intermediate harmonics
56
3.6. Control problem
56
3.7. Security issue
57
3.8. Environmental issues
57
3.9. Economic dimensions
58
3.10. Duties and responsibilities during operation
59
3.11. Operation of production units
60
3.12. Guidelines for the conditions of distributed generation connections to the distribution network
61
3.13. Technical conditions of scattered production connections to the distribution network
62
3.14. Power coordinator key
64
Chapter 4: Economic review of distributed production
4.1. Introduction
71
4.2. Renewable energy sources and their economic characteristics
71
4.3. Economic study of scattered production in the distribution system
75
4.4. Examining economic issues of projects 4.4.1. Economic benefits of DG from the point of view of subscribers
78
4.4.2. Economic benefits of DG from the point of view of the distribution company
79
4.5. Economic evaluation of distributed production technologies
80
4.6. An example of the investigations carried out in order to choose the optimal economic sources of scattered production
81
Chapter 5: Investigating the problems of power supply in the oil and gas industries
5.1. Introduction 84 5.2.Problems of using produced steam for combined cycle
85
5.3. Power supply problems for phase 12
86
5.4. Electrical power supply problems in South Pars Phase 2 and 3 86 5.5. Electrical power supply problems in the third refinery
87
5.6. Investigating some of the errors that lead to the emergency shutdown of the Beid Bland Refinery
92
5.7. Investigating the causes of frequent power outages in the second line of Sarkhoz to Shahid Hashminejad Refinery
94
5.8. Analysis and proposal
96
Chapter 6: Load distribution 6.1. Introduction
98
6.2. Examining the load distribution problem
99
6.2.1. Boss Slack
104
6.2.2. Bass bar
105
6.2.3. Bass Generator
105
6.2.4. Voltage control bus
106
6.3. Direct method for solving algebraic linear equations of polynomial equations
107
6.3.1. Gauss method
110
6.4. Methods for solving algebraic nonlinear equations
113
6.4.1. Gauss method
113
6.4.2. Gauss repetition method using Y-bus
114
6.4.3. Gauss iteration method using Z-bus
117
6.4.4. Improved G.S. To solve the device of nonlinear equations
117
6.4.5. Relaxation method in solving load distribution problem
123
6.4.6. Newton-Raphson method in solving load distribution problem
125
6.5. Comparison of Gauss-Seidel and Newton-Raphson methods
132
Chapter 7: The basis of the firefly algorithm
7.1. Introduction
136
7.2. Optimization methods
136
7.3. Firefly Algorithm
138
Chapter 8: Optimal placement of DG based on the Firefly Algorithm
8.1. Introduction
145
8.2. Necessity of locating distributed generation power plants in the network
146
8.3. Types of location methods for scattered production
146
8.4. The necessity of using meta-heuristic algorithms
147
8.5. The process of optimal placement of the fuel cell by the Worm Shabtab algorithm
148
8.6. Results of simulation and optimal placement of fuel cell
149
8.7. Analysis of simulation results
152
Chapter 9: Economic review of fuel cell use
9.1. Introduction
170
9.2. Specifications and information of power supply equipment
170
9.3. Introduction of HOMER software
179
9.4. Simulation
181
9.4.1. Load specification
181
9.4.2. Diesel generator input data
182
9.4.3. Fuel cell input data
182
9.4.4. Characteristics of used diesel
182
9.4.5. Characteristics of natural gas consumed
182
9.5. Simulation results
183
Chapter 10: Conclusions and suggestions
Conclusions and suggestions
187
Resources
Resources
190
Source:
Energy islands and the possibility of using They are in the future of distribution networks, Mohammad Ismail Faraht - Hamid Faraht, 9th Iranian Electrical Engineering Student Conference.
New Renewable Energy Sources, authored by the World Energy Council, translated by experts of Iran New Energy Office, 1st edition.
Analysis and review of the economic characteristics of using renewable energy sources as scattered production sources in distribution networks, Farhad Shahnia - Research and Standard Office, East Azerbaijan Electricity Distribution Company.
New Energy Organization of Iran website www.suna.org.ir
Electrical engineering website http://www.iran-eng.com
Dariush Azram, Mehrdad Adel, "The place of renewable energies in the energy structure of Iran and the world", Scientific Journal of Electricity No. 31 Spring 1380.
"Small flowing hydroelectric power plants in Iran" Vice-Chancellor for Civil and Rural Industries of the Ministry of Jihad, Agriculture, Autumn 1379. Hamidreza Lari, "Biomass energy potential measurement report and its share in the country's energy", Environmental Energy Research Institute, Niro Research Institute, December 1378.
System Studies Group, report of the second stage of the project "Market Survey and Determination of Electric Energy Production Costs from Small Power Plants", Electricity Research Institute, Niro Research Institute, December 1381.