Dissertation
To receive a Ph.D degree in Pharmacy
Persian summary
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection due to the entry and growth of bacteria in any part of the urinary system, including the collecting organs and Urine holder and excretor, i.e. kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. UTI is usually caused by the entry of bacteria that can live in the gastrointestinal tract (vagina) or around the urethra. In most cases, these bacteria reach the bladder and kidneys. Most of the time, the body's defense system destroys these bacteria, but sometimes these bacteria do not appear. infections in the urinary tract. Since the resistance to antibiotics in the treatment of infections has increased in recent years, the need for new resources and strategies to deal with infections and pathogenic bacteria is felt. Cotrimoxazole and amikacin have been used. Green tea has antimicrobial effects, which, of course, is very safe in high doses, but has low bioavailability.
In this research, Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria isolated from urinary infections of 117 infected people were cultured again by the students of Shahid Beheshti University and a definite diagnosis was made on them. The antibacterial effect of essential oil and green tea extract was investigated by two methods, disk diffusion and tube dilution method. In this way, after soaking the blank discs in the essential oil and total extract of green tea and placing them on the Mueller Hinton agar medium where the bacteria were cultured with a concentration of 0.5 McFarland along with two discs of antibiotics cotrimoxazole, amikacin, the halos of non-growth from the antibiotic discs were compared with the total extract, and the results of this research showed that green tea has similar effects to common antibiotics such as It is amikacin.
1-1 statement of the problem
The need for success in treating diseases is to create appropriate treatment conditions and use the correct drugs. Plants have always been one of the oldest and most widely used medicinal sources. Most people prefer herbal and natural products for primary health care. (1). On the other hand, the resistance of pathogenic microorganisms to existing antibiotics is increasing. (2) Obviously, if this type of research continues, practical and acceptable results can be achieved in order to deal with resistant and non-resistant infections to antibiotics with less risks and costs. camellia and it is in C.sinensis species (3).
Green tea has 5 types of substances including catechin, alkaloid, saponin, tannin and polyphenol (4) and the effects of green tea can be mostly attributed to the catechin present in the leaves of the plant. Catechin is the main phenol compound in green tea. Green tea contains the following polyphenols: EGCG: epigallocatechin-3-gallate gallocatechin
C: catechin
Evidence indicates that these molecules are effective in controlling common oral infections such as tooth decay and periodontal diseases as well as vaginal infections.
EGCG (epigallocatechin-3-gallate) is the most active polyphenol in green tea. The reason for this is the different chemical activity of its hydroxyl group. Recent studies have suggested that green tea polyphenols probably play their role by affecting the structure of the cell membrane and affecting its function (5).
In addition to the strengthening effects on the cardiovascular system, green tea also has antioxidant properties.
Recently, the antimicrobial effects of EGCG have been proven against different types of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms, for example: Bacillus cereus, Acineo bacterbaumani, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and gram-negative bacteria and Helicobacter
while it is said that the common tea that is used among people, especially Iranians, is harmful because it contains caffeine mg3 to mg4, it prevents the absorption of other substances, especially iron, but green tea is considered to have useful medicinal properties due to the presence of substances such as anti-cancer catechin and antioxidants, which are much stronger than well-known antioxidants such as vitamins C and E. does Recently, in addition to the people of China, green tea has gained many fans in many countries of the world.
The main reason for this welcome is the familiarity of the people of other countries with the healing properties of this type of drink. Although, in some cases, people's advice and suggestions to each other is the main factor in consuming certain foods or drinks; But in the case of green tea, in addition to word-of-mouth recommendations, researchers have also confirmed its medicinal properties. Drinking 3 to 4 cups of green tea daily prevents many diseases.
Green tea leaf polyphenols have biological, antimicrobial and antioxidant effects by inhibiting the enzyme granitine oxidase and donating electrons and chelating metal ions (6). The four main polyphenols of green tea plant are epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epicatechin (EC), caffeine (CN). is Their antibacterial effects have been proven even in cases of high resistance to antibiotic treatment such as MRSA (7). There is a lot of evidence of the antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral effects of green tea flavonoids in studies on laboratory animals and humans (8). Also, there have been studies showing the existence of a synergistic effect in the simultaneous consumption of some antibiotics and green tea (9).
Reports in laboratory animals and humans show that the consumption of green tea in the form of tea reduces the incidence of uti (13.14.15).
GTP present in green tea inhibits the growth of bacteria effective in uti such as Escherichia coli. Apart from phenolic compounds, green tea is effective in controlling the reduction and preventing the formation of kidney infections due to its diuretic properties and increasing the volume of urine (16). One of the substances that has recently received attention is the catechins in tea (17). Among the harms of green tea, it can be noted that it contains caffeine and also reduces the absorption of minerals, especially iron, if consumed at the same time (18). This difference is mostly due to sexual and anatomical differences. Especially, the urethra in women is much shorter and closer to the rectum. In addition, in women, the possibility of urinary tract infection increases with increasing sexual activities. In pregnancy, due to the occurrence of hormonal, anatomical and physiological changes, the prevalence of this infection is higher, and in most cases, it is associated with greater severity and deterioration. In this group of women, the possibility of miscarriage or premature birth is more than that of healthy pregnant women, and for this reason, pregnant women should be checked for bacteriuria and treated if they are infected. But from sixty years and above, it becomes more common due to prostatic hyperplasia, and frequent infections are mostly due to bacterial prostatitis.
In general, any obstruction to the flow of urine increases the risk of urinary tract infection. These obstructions can be prostatic hyperplasia, tumors, blood clots, stones, neurological disorders, and congenital disorders.
Contents & References of Investigating the inhibitory effect of green tea extract and essential oil against Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from urinary tract infections and comparing it with cotrimoxazole and amikacin antibiotics.
List:
Persian summary. 1
Chapter One: Generalities
The necessity and importance of the subject. Error! Bookmark not defined.
1-1- Statement of the problem. Error! Bookmark not defined.
1-1-1- Green tea. 4
1-1-2- Epidemiology of urinary tract infections. 6
1-1-3- Urinary tract infection. .7
1-1-4- Klebsiella bacteria. 11
1-1-5- pathogenicity. 12
1-1-6- laboratory diagnosis. 12
1-1-7-Treatment. 13. 1-2- Objectives and assumptions 14. Second chapter: review of other texts and studies in this field 2-1 Introduction Error! Bookmark not defined.
2-2 green tea. 17
2-2-1 green tea composition 19
2-2-2 green tea processing 20
2-2-3 classification. 21
2-2-4 effective factors of catechin content. 21
2-2-5 Bioavailability. 21 2-2-6 Biological activity of tea components (catechin) 22 Chapter 3: materials and methods 24
3-1-1 method of preparing green tea extract 24
3-1-2 Appearance characteristics of suitable plant extract. 24
3-1-3 Types of extracts and their ingredients 24
3-1-4 Extraction of plant 27
3-1-5 Essential oil. 29
13-1-6 Chemical structure of essential oils 29
3-1-7 Mechanism of effect of essential oils 30
3-1-8 Preparation of green tea essential oil 30
3-1-9 Preparation of microbial sample. 31
3-1-10 preparation of McFarland standard. 34
3-1-11 preparation of microbial inoculum. 35
3-1-12 ways to cultivate bacteria on the environment. 35
3-1-13 Antibiogram. 36
3-1-14 Diffusion methods 38
3-1-15 Antibiogram test by Disc Agar Disc Diffusion method. 46
3-1-16MIC Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter 4: Results and graphs 4-1 Investigating the halo diameter of non-growth of green tea extract on bacteria isolated from urinary tract infections by disc diffusion method 51 4-2 Statistical results and data review 51 4-2-1 Average. 51
4-2-2 standard deviation 52
4-2-3 MIC results. 53
Chapter Five: Discussion and Conclusion
5-1 Discussion 61
.5-1-1 Nature of the disease. 61
5-1-2 consequences of urinary infection. 61
5-1-3 Medicinal and alternative treatments. 61
5-2 Conclusion 64
Abstract 65
Resources 66
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