Contents & References of Investigating the effect of CB2 receptor of cannabinoid system in CA1 region of hippocampus on D-AP5 induced amnesia in male Wistar rats.
List:
Persian Summary..1
Chapter One: Generalities
1-1. Necessity and importance of the subject..3
1-2- Statement of the problem..3
1-3- Objectives of the study.. 4
1-3-1-Main objective.. 4
1-3-2-Objectives Sub..4
Chapter Two: Review of other texts and studies in this field
2-1-1-Learning and memory..6
2-1-2 Types of memory from a physiological point of view. 7
2-1-2-1 Explicit or explicit memory.. 7
2-1-2-2 Implicit or conceptual memory. 8
2-1-2-3 stages of explicit memory formation. 8
2-1-3- Division of memory based on time. 9
2-1-4- Different brain areas involved in types of memory. 11
2-1-5- hippocampus formation.. 12
2-1-6- long-term strengthening (LTP). 13
2-1-6-1- Molecular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity. 14
2-1-7- Condition-dependent learning. 17
2-1-8- Studies of behavioral methods of memory in animals:. 17
2-1-9-1- passive preventive learning. 18
2-1-9-2- Use of injection in passive preventive learning. 19
2-2- Cannabinoid system.. 19
2-2-1- Cannabinoids and their importance. 19
2-2-2- Cannabinoid receptors.. 20
2-2-2-1- CB1 receptor position in the CNS. 20
2-2-2-3- location of CB2 receptor. 21
2-2-2-4 location of CB2 in CNS. 21
2-2-2-5-secondary peaks of cannabinoid receptors. 21
2-2-2-6-cannabinoid receptor agonists. 22
2-2-2-7-types of endocannabinoids. 23
1-2-2-8-endogenous ligands of cannabinoid receptors. 23
2-2-3- the function of endocannabinoids in a reversible way. 24
2-3- Glutamatergic system and the special importance of NMDA receptors. 25
2-3-1- L-Glutamate.. 25
2-3-2- Physiological roles.. 25
2-3-3- CNS reserves.. 26
2-3-4- How to release metabolism and specific transporter. 27
2-3-5- types of receptors.. 28
.2-3-6- sites and regulatory agents. 31
2-3-7- specific agonists and antagonists. 33
Chapter 3: Materials and methods
3-1- The type of study and the studied population. 36
3-2- Place of experiment.. 36
3-2-1- Animal house. 36
3-2-2-Surgery room. 36
3-2-3-Behavioral test room.. 37
3-3- Time of conducting experiments.. 37
3-4- Limitations.. 37
3-4- Ethical considerations.. 37
3-6- Materials and methods.. 37
3-6-1- Equipment and devices the need 37
3-6-2- Materials and medicines used. 38
3-8- Memory check device (Step-Through). 39
3-9- Animals.. 40
3-10- Surgical procedures.. 40
3-11- Intracerebral injection of drugs.. 45
3-12- Behavioral tests.. 46
3-12-1 Training phase.. 46
3-12-2- Memory test phase. 47
3-13- Drug treatments and tests performed. 48
3-13-1- Test No. 2: Investigating the effect of injection after AM630 training on inhibitory avoidance memory (Dose response chart). Number 1: Investigating the effect of D-AP5 injection after training on inhibitory avoidance memory (Dose response graph). done with D-AP5.. 50
Chapter Four: Results
4-1- Investigating the effect of injection after D-AP5 training on inhibitory avoidance memory. 54
4-2- Investigating the effect of AM630 injection after training on inhibitory avoidance memory. 56
4-3- Investigating the effect of GP1a injection after training on inhibitory avoidance memory. 58
4-4- Investigating the effect of AM630 injection after training on the memory of rats treated with D-AP5.60
4-5- Investigating the effect of GP1a injection after training on the memory of rats treated with D-AP5.61
Chapter Five: Discussion and conclusion
5-1- The glutamatergic system in the hippocampus and its importance in memory consolidation. 65
5-2-Cannabinoid system and its importance in memory consolidation.67
5-3- Investigating the interference of cannabinoid system and glutamate system in memory stabilization. 68
Conclusion. 70
Suggestions. 72
English summary. 73
Resources. 74
Source:
1- Robinson L ,[ et al]. Hippocampal endocannabinoids inhibit spatial learning and limit spatial memory in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 2008; 198(4): 51-63.
2- Saffran J R, Loman M M, and Robertson R R. Infant long-term memory for music. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2001; 930: 397-400.
3- Albright T D, [et al]. Neural science: a century of progress and the mysteries that remain. Neuron, 2000; 25 Suppl: 51-55.
4- Lamprecht R, LeDoux J. Structural plasticity and memory. Nat Rev Neurosci, 2000;5(1): 45-54.
5- Crook T H, [et al]. Effects of N-PEP-12 on memory among older adults. Int Clin Psychopharmacol, 2005; 20(2): 97-100.
6- Bassil N, Grossberg G T. Novel regimens and delivery systems in the pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer's disease. CNS Drugs, 2009; 23(4): 293-307.
7- Meldrum B S, Nutr J. Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology. 2000; 130(4S Suppl): 1007S-15S.
8- Paoletti P, Bellone C, Zhou Q. NMDA receptor subunit diversity: impact on receptor properties, synaptic plasticity and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci, 2013; 14(6): 383-400.
9- Ogden K K, [et al]. Potentiation of GluN2C/D NMDA receptor subtypes in the amygdala facilitates the retention of fear and extinction learning in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2014; 39(3): 625-37.
10- Tsien J Z, Huerta P T, Tonegawa S. The essential role of hippocampal CA1 NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity in spatial memory. Cell, 1996; 87(7): 1327-38.
11- Lisman J E, Fellous J M, Wang X J. A role for NMDA-receptor channels in working memory. Nat Neurosci, 1998; 1(4): 273-5.
12- Svizenska I, Dubovy P, and Sulcova A. Cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2), their distribution, ligands and functional involvement in nervous system structures-a short review. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 2008; 90(4): 11-501.
13- Murataeva N, Mackie K, Straiker A. The CB2-preferring agonist JWH015 also potently and efficaciously activates CB1 in autaptic hippocampal neurons. Pharmacol Res, 2012; 66(5): 437-42.
14- Jamali-Raeufy, N, Nasehi M, and Zarrindast M R. Influence of N-methyl D-aspartate receptor mechanism on WIN55,212-2-induced amnesia in rat dorsal hippocampus. Behav Pharmacol, 2011; 22(7): 645-54
15- Takahashi K A, Castillo P E. The CB1 cannabinoid receptor mediates glutamatergic synaptic suppression in the hippocampus. Neuroscience, 2006; 139(3): 795-802.
16- Lynch M A. Long-term potentiation and memory. Physiol Rev, 2004; 84(1): 136-87. 17- Szapiro G, [et al]. Molecular mechanisms of memory retrieval. Neurochem Res, 2002; 27(11): 1491-8.
18- Leff S. Gaining a better understanding of peer group contributions to dating aggression-implications for prevention and intervention programming: comment on kinsfogel and grych (2004). J Fam Psychol, 2004; 18(3): 516-8.
19- Abel T, and Lattal K M., Molecular mechanisms of memory acquisition, consolidation and retrieval. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 2001; 11(2): 180-7. 20- Anderson R W. Learning and evolution: a quantitative genetics approach. J Theor Biol, 1995; 175(1): 89-101.
21- Takeda A, [et al]. Positive modulation of long-term potentiation at hippocampal CA1 synapses by low micromolar concentrations of zinc. Neuroscience, 2009; 158(2): 585-91.
22- Winters B D, Saksida L M, Bussey T J. Object recognition memory: neurobiological mechanisms of encoding, consolidation and retrieval. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2008; 32(5): 1055-70.