Word Files
Reference for Downloading Educational Files
  2. Veterinary Medicine
  3. Biometric investigation of the internal structures of the eye in the one-humped camel by two-dimensional ultrasonography

Biometric investigation of the internal structures of the eye in the one-humped camel by two-dimensional ultrasonography

Number of pages: 73 File Format: word File Code: 32032
Year: 2011 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Veterinary Medicine
Tags/Keywords: corneal ulcer - Internal structures of the eye - lens - One-humped camel - the cornea - the eye - Traumatic injuries b - Ultrasound
  • Part of the Content
  • Contents & Resources

  • Summary of Biometric investigation of the internal structures of the eye in the one-humped camel by two-dimensional ultrasonography

    Dissertation for receiving the degree of professional doctor of veterinary medicine (D.V.M)

    Abstract:

    The structure of the eye, due to the presence of large amounts of liquid in the anterior chamber and the vitreous, can be well examined by ultrasound, and in many cases direct examination of the eye by an ophthalmoscope, especially when the anterior structures such as the cornea or It is very difficult for the lens to become cloudy. On the other hand, the need to use more advanced and new techniques for more accurate and faster diagnosis of eye complications is still felt. This study was conducted on 20 one-humped camels (10 males and 10 females) that did not show any eye complications in terms of clinical and ophthalmoscopy examinations. With a linear probe and a frequency of 7-9 MHz, the internal structures of the eye (the length of the anterior-posterior axis of the eye, the thickness of the lens, the depth of the anterior chamber and the vitreous chamber) were examined by a two-dimensional method (B-Mode) with the sagittal imaging mode in the standard view, and small amounts of different eye structures were measured. The mean and standard deviation of the anterior-posterior eye axis length, lens diameter (thickness), anterior chamber depth, and vitreous depth were 32.01 ± 0.32, 11.64 ± 0.06, 4.83 ± 0.81, and 15.99 ± 0.12 mm, respectively.

    Keywords: one-humped camel, eye, ultrasound

    Statement of the problem:

    The one-humped camel is one of the most resistant domestic animals in the world, which is considered a vital source of milk and meat and is considered as a source of income in the Ivory Coast, East Africa, the Middle East and South Asia. The camel has long eyelashes that protect it from sandstorms, it also has a developed, thin and transparent third eyelid that allows the camel to find its way in these difficult conditions. This organ, like other body parts, suffers from diseases, among which we can mention blindness due to paralysis of the optic nerve, night blindness due to lack of vitamin A, drought, seasonal famine, and severe lack of green fodder (23).

    Among other diseases, corneal ulcers can be mentioned as one of the common side effects of Sora disease (trypanosomiasis), traumatic injuries to the head of animals, stab wounds and thorns in the eyes, or chronic infection with the tylasia worm [1]. Other eye diseases in camels include inflammation of the conjunctivitis, which causes watery eyes and severe pain in the area (29).

    Nowadays, by using the ultrasound technique, examination and diagnosis of complications of the internal structures of the eye can be easily done. Due to the presence of large amounts of liquid in the anterior and posterior chambers, the structure of the eye provides suitable echogenicity for diagnosing the disease by ultrasound. (1) .

    Two-dimensional ultrasound is a safe and non-invasive diagnostic method that can be used in the diagnosis of eye diseases as a supplement to routine examinations(1).

    In cases such as swelling of the eyelids, the presence of masses and turbidity of the anterior and posterior parts such as the cornea and lens, the possibility of direct observation of this organ is reduced by common examinations. It is found that ultrasound is the best diagnostic method in such conditions (11).

    Research has been conducted on the internal structures of the eye in camels. This research was carried out on drained eyes, which may not be determined accurately and realistically due to changes in the volume of intraocular fluids and the size of the structures. So far, no written study has been found regarding the normal sizes of the eyes in their anatomical position in one-humped camels. Obtaining these sizes can be a criterion for diagnosing these diseases and eye problems in this animal.

    Overview of research history:

    Osuobeni E.P et al. (1999) examined the three-dimensional ultrasound of the size of the newly evacuated eye structures of the one-humped camel (29).

    Hamidzada W.A et al. (1999) examined the comparison between two three-dimensional and two-dimensional ultrasound methods in measuring eye distances in camels (21).

    EL-Maghrabi H.Mo et al. (1995) in the ultrasound examination of the normal eye biology of 60 adult sheep and 60 adult cows evaluated 5 eye indices such as corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness-vitreous depth and the length of the anterior-posterior axis of the eye (17).

    Abstract:

    Ultrasonography is a relatively easy, safe, and non-invasive examination method which can be used in the diagnosis of ocular disorders as complementary to routine ophthalmic examinations. As there has been no collated study undertaken on the normal measurements of ocular structures in One-humped camel, obtaining these measurements could be a benchmark to diagnose some of the diseases and eye problems of this breed. Trans palpebral ultrasonographic scanning of left and right eyes of 20 camels was performed using a 7.5-10 MHz transducer. Qualitative ultrasonographic findings of the eyes were described and measurements of the ocular structures were obtained. Mean ± standard deviation of the anterior-posterior length of the eye axis, thickness of the lens, depth of the anterior chamber and depth of vitreous were as 32.01 ± 0.3mm, 11.64 ± 0.06mm, 4.83 ± 0.81mm, 15.99 ± 0.12mm, respectively.

  • Contents & References of Biometric investigation of the internal structures of the eye in the one-humped camel by two-dimensional ultrasonography

    List:

    Abstract-1

     

    Chapter One

    1-1 statement of the problem-3

    1-2 overview of the research history-4

    1-3- research objectives-6

    1-4- research variables-7

    1-5 research questions-7

    1-6 Research hypotheses- 7

    1-7 Research and research methods- 7

    Chapter Two

    1-2 A brief look at the camel- 10

    2-2 Camel and its importance-10

    2-3 Origin and origin of camel- 11

    2-4 Classification of camel in the animal world- 13

    2-5 Geographical distribution of camels-14

    2-5-1 Expansion areas of two-humped camels-14

    2-5-2 Expansion areas of one-humped camels-15

    2-6 Teeth and determining the age of camels-15

    2-6-1 Teeth-15

    2-6-2 Determination Age-17

    2-7 The name of the camel according to its age-19

    2-8 Anatomy of the eye-20

    2-8-1 Eyeball-20

    2-8-2 Refractive media of the eye-23

    2-8-2-1 Lens-23

    2-8-2-2 Liquid Aqueous fluid-23

    2-8-2-3 Vitreous body-23

    2-8-3 Eyelids-24

    2-9 Ultrasound-25

    2-9-1 Ultrasound in veterinary medicine-26

    2-10 Techniques of transducer placement on the eye-26

    2-10-1 Corneal technique-27

    2-10-2 Eyelid technique-27

    2-11 Artifacts of eye ultrasound-28

    2-12 Normal ultrasound view of the eye-30

    2-13 Ultrasound and its application in the diagnosis of eye diseases-31

    2-13-1 Corneal complications - 31

    2-13-2 Corneal stromal abscesses - 32

    2-13-3 Cataract - 33

    2-13-4 Presence of foreign bodies in the eye - 34

    2-13-5 Penophthalmitis - 35

    2-13-6 Glaucoma - 36

    2-13-7 Retinal detachment - 36

    2-13-8 Recurrent uveal swelling - 37

    2-13-9 Other complications - 39

     

    Chapter three

    3-1 Materials and methods- 42

    Chapter four

    4-1 Results-46

     

    Chapter Five

    5-1 Discussion and suggestion-53

    Sources-58

     

    Source:

    - Aghazadeh, M. (1386). Investigation of normal eye ultrasonography findings in the Caspian horse. General Ph.D. thesis, University of Tehran. Page 1, 9 to 18.

    2- Behrouz, M. (1371). An introduction to medical physics, published by the Cultural Vice-Chancellor of Astan Quds Razavi, Mashhad, first edition, pages 233-240.

    3- Takavar, A., Saghri, M. (1371).  Medical Physics, Tehran Publishing House, second edition, pages 163 to 185.

    4- Takavar, A. (1377). Medical Physics, Kermanshah Nopardazan Publishing House, first edition, pages 121 to 145.

    5- Radmehr, B. and H. Shahr Asbi (1368). A guide to comparative anatomy in domestic animals with an appendix on camel anatomy. Tehran University Publications. Pages 157, 158, and 266.

    6- Dergiri, G., Khodadoost, A., Askari Shirazi, H., Fatahi, B., Mirgli, J. (1371). Medical Physics, Tehran University Press, pages 249-268.

    7- Shokri, M.M. (1376). Camel and its breeding. Translator: Holy, Ihsan. Noorbakhsh Publications. Pages 15-38.

    8- Qamari, M., (1373), Ultrasound of Kidneys and Urinary Tracts, Nasrachkameh, first edition, pages 28-30.

    9- Nazer Adl, K. (1365). Camel breeding Publications of the Extracurricular Unit of the Cultural Department of the Academic Jihad Central Office. Pages 1-59.

    10- Nasr, H. (1380). Examination of blood parasites of camels killed in Yazd slaughterhouse. Dissertation No. 151, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch. Pages 7 and 8.

    11- Vathouq, D., Masoudifard, M., (2008), Biometric study of dog eye structures by two and three-dimensional ultrasound, Iranian Veterinary Journal, Volume 6, Number 1, Spring 2010.

    12- Yadgari, M., (2008), findings Normal eye ultrasonography in Lori-Bakhtiari sheep. General Ph.D. thesis, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord branch. P.1.

    13-Bazkir G., Bozkir M., Dogan h. , Aycan K., Guler b. (1997): Measurements of axial length and radius of cornea in the rabbit eye. Acta Med Okayama.51 (1), p: 9-11.

    14- Curry, T. S., Dowdey, J. E. and Murry, R. C., (1993): Christensen's physics of diagnostic radiology, 4th edition. P. p: 359-364.

    15- Dorman, A.E. 1986. Aspect of the husbandry and management of the genus camelus. In: A. Higgins (ed.), the camel in Health and Disease, Bailliere-Tindall, London. 20-3.

    16- Dyce, K. M., O.,, Wensing, Co., (1995): Text book of veterinary anatomy, W. B. Saunders company, pp 213-219.

    17-EL-Maghraby H.M. , Nyland G. T., bellhorn R.W., (1995): Ultrasonographic and biometric evaluation of Sheep and Cattle eyes. Veterinary Radiology And Ultrasound. Volume 36, Issue 2, Page: 148-151.

    18- Ensminger, M. E., (1986): Sheep and wool science. 4th edition. Interstate printers and public. Inc llinios. USA, pp: 90-92.

    19- Frandson, R.D. 1981. Anatomy and physiology of farm animals 4th Ed.   Philadelphia. 373-380, 513.

    20-Gonzales, E. M., Rodriguez, A. and Garcia, I. (2001): Review of ocular ultrasonography. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound. 42(6), 485-495.

    21- Hamidzada WA, Osuobeni EP (1999): Agreement between A-mode and B-mode ultrasonography in the measurement of ocular distances. Vet Radiology Ultrasound. 1999 Sep-Oct; 40(5): Pp: 7-502.

    22-Hernandez A. M., Rodilla V., Lopez M. M., (2007): Ocular biometry in the adult anesthetized ferret. Veterinary Ophthalmology.10 (1), P: 50-52.

    23- Ilse Kohler-Rollefson, (2001): A field manual of camel diseases Traditional and modern veterinary care for the dromedary. Pp 5

    24-Louis Mbbs T., Yiong Ch., (2003): Agreement between Scheimpflug photography and A-scan ultrasonography in anterior segment ocular measurements in children. Optometry & Vision Science.80 (7):529-534.

    25-Michau, T.M. (2005): Equine ocular examination. In: Equine Ophthalmology. Edited by: B.C. Gilger. Elsevier Saunders Company. St. Louis, Missouri, USA. pp: 1-53.

    26-Moore C. P., Champagne E. (2002): Disease of eye. In Large Animal Internal Medicine. Edited by: B.P. smith. Mosby, St. Louis. pp: 1151-1155.

    27-Nelms, S.R., Nassisse M.P., Davidson, M.G. and Kirschner S.E. (1993): Hyphema associated with rental disease in dogs: 17 cases. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Association. pp: 1289-1292.

    28- Nyland, Matton, (2002): Small animal diagnostic ultrasound, second edition, pp.307-322, 354-366.

    29- Osuobeni EP, Hamidzada WA. Ultrasonographic determination of the dimensions of ocular components in enucleated eyes of the one-humped camel. Research in Veterinary Science 1999; 67:

    125–129.

    30-Paunksnis A., Svaldeniene E., Paunksniene M., Babrauskiene V., (2001): Ultrasonographic evaluation of eye parameters in dogs of different ages. ISSN 1392-2114 ULTRAGARSAS, Nr.2 (39).

    31- Pinto Ribeiro .A, Lima Santos .N, Costa e Silva .V, Fernanda Campos .A, Almeida Teixeira .I, Luiz Laus .J, (2010): Ultrasonographic and ecobiometric findings in the eyes of adult goats. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, v.40, n.3, Pp.568-573.

    32-Sutton D., (2002): Text book of radiology and imaging. Sixth edition, volume 2, Pages: 1350-1366.

    33-Svaldeniene E., Paunksniene M., Babrauskiene V., (2004): Ultrasonographic study of equine eyes.ISSN 1392-2114 ULTRAGARSAS, Nr.4 (53).

    34-Steven R. Hollingsworth, Bradford J. Holmberg, Anneliese. Strunk, Alicia D. Oakley, Leann M. Sickafoose, Philip H. Kass, (2007): Comparison of ophthalmic measurements obtained via high-frequency ultrasound imaging in four species of snakes. American Journal of Veterinary Research. October 2007, Vol.68, No.10, Pages 1111-1114.

    35-Timothy J. Potter, Gayle D. Hallowell, I. Mark Owen(2008): Ultrasonographic anatomy of the bovine eye. Veterinary Radiology & Ultasound, 49 (2).

    36-Turner, S. (2005): Veterinary ophthalmology: A manual for nurses and technicians. Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann Company. pp: 1-9.

    37-Whitcomb, M. B. (2002): How to diagnose ocular abnormalities with ultrasound. AAEP Proceedings. Vol. 48. pp: 272-275.

    38- Williams, D. L., Barrie k. and Evans, T.F. (2002): Veterinary ocular emergencies. Butterworth Heinemann Company. Oxford, UK. pp: 32-36, 75-77, 89-91.

    39-Williams J. and Wilkie, D.A. (1996): Ultrasonography of the eye.

Biometric investigation of the internal structures of the eye in the one-humped camel by two-dimensional ultrasonography
How To Access The File
Related Contents:
Number of pages: 104 Category: Medical Sciences

Chapter 1 1-1 The field of research: Consciousness is awareness of oneself and the environment and response to external stimuli and internal needs. Consciousness is also a dynamic and variable state and has levels that are not really separate from each other and is in the form of a spectrum where full consciousness is at one end and coma is at the other end (1); Coma is a state ...

Number of pages: 108 Category: Psychology

Dissertation for the Master's degree ""M.A"" Major: Educational Psychology Farsi Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between parenting methods and personality traits with resilience in adolescence. The statistical population of the research was female secondary school students of one Khorramabad district in the academic year of 1392-1393. The ...

Number of pages: 108 Category: Paramedical

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in nursing education (internal surgery) Abstract: Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most important public health issues that has a strong social impact on the morbidity and mortality rates of the population. Since people with TBI often lose their functional abilities and live dependent lives, as a result, these ...

Number of pages: 93 Category: Paramedical

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Nursing Education (Internal Surgery) Abstract Introduction: Foot ulcers are the most common, serious and costly complications of diabetes and increase the risk of death in diabetic patients by 2-4 times. Also, diabetic foot is one of the main causes of disability in patients with diabetes mellitus and one of the chronic and preventable ...

Number of pages: 97 Category: Medical Sciences

Master's Thesis of the Department of Occupational Therapy Farsi Abstract Introduction: The increasing prevalence of stroke, the need to use more effective tools and techniques in this disease to reduce the duration It requires treatment, acceleration and facilitation of recovery and return of function of the affected organs. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the ...

Number of pages: 51 Category: Research Methodology

Background and objectives: Plank is a relatively common inflammatory disease with an unknown etiology, and especially its ulcerative type is known as a premalignant disease. But despite this, there is still no known treatment for it. One of the new drugs that has attracted the attention of some researchers is Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF). The effect of this drug orally on some ...

Number of pages: 79 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Dissertation Chemistry for Master's Degree Abstract Acrylic-based pressure-sensitive adhesives are more expensive than rubber-based adhesives, but they have a longer life and resistance to high temperatures, chemicals, UV rays, solvents, light, softeners, and the environment. Modification of acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives is useful for improving adhesion properties. In ...

Number of pages: 80 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Mechatronics Abstract In this thesis, a phase-locked loop is designed based on micro-electromechanical systems. The loop system has a feedback phase lock that compares the input phase with the output phase. This comparison is done by a phase detector. Phase detector is a circuit whose average output voltage is linearly proportional to the ...

Number of pages: 60 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Master's Thesis / Inorganic Chemistry Abstract Considering the application of nonlinear optical properties (NLO) in technologies such as lasers, remote communication, photovoltaic cells, information processing and holography and the mineral diversity of these materials, we started a research in this field and focused on borazine-containing dyes. Our main goal in this research is ...

Number of pages: 81 Category: Electronic Engineering

Presented to graduate education management as a part of the educational activities required to obtain a master's degree, the dimensions of MEMS components according to Figure (1-2) include a wide range, from dimensions smaller than one micrometer that are not visible to the eye to dimensions of one millimeter, also types of these systems can be in a simple state, a tool without ...