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  3. Examining the antibody titer obtained from Newcastle vaccination programs in beef mother herds before the start of HI and ELISA brouch production.

Examining the antibody titer obtained from Newcastle vaccination programs in beef mother herds before the start of HI and ELISA brouch production.

Number of pages: 83 File Format: word File Code: 32002
Year: 2013 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Veterinary Medicine
Tags/Keywords: Antibody titer - Beef mother herds - Eliza - Hemagglutination - HI brooch production - Mother herds - Newcastle - Newcastle disease - Vaccination programs
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  • Summary of Examining the antibody titer obtained from Newcastle vaccination programs in beef mother herds before the start of HI and ELISA brouch production.

    Dissertation for receiving the degree of professional doctor of veterinary medicine D.V.M

    Abstract:

    Objective: Newcastle disease is one of the important economic diseases of the poultry industry in Iran, which is common in most poultry flocks and causes many economic losses. Normally, serological methods are used to diagnose this disease, especially the HI and ELISA methods.

    Working materials: In the present study, 10 farms that were the same in terms of environmental, management, breeding and health conditions and had three different vaccination programs and were somewhat similar, the antibody titer was checked using the mentioned methods and the correlation between these two methods was checked.

    Results and discussion: The results of the present study showed that the mean antibody titer in the hemagglutination inhibition method was 9.93 and in the ELISA method was 24736.19. The results of statistical analysis also showed that there was a very significant (p<0.01) correlation (0.925) between two ELISA tests and hemagglutination inhibition. The results of the present study are consistent with the results of the previous studies on the correlation of ELISA and HI test, and also the results of the study of beef mother herds after vaccination indicate a high correlation between these two tests, so that the correlation value was higher than r>0.9.

    Key words: Newcastle disease, mother herds, antibody titer, inhibition of hemagglutination, ELISA

    Chapter 1: Introduction

    1-1- Introduction

             Members of the Paramyxoviridae family are membrane-bound and RNA-containing viruses that have unfragmented single-stranded genomes with negative polarity. The capsid of these viruses is formed in the cytoplasm and their membrane on the surface of infected cells. will be By using an electron microscope with the negative contrast method, viral particles appear multi-shaped, if they are spherical, their usual diameter is 100 to 500 nm, and if they are filamentous, their width will be about 100 nm (Alexander et al., 2008).

             Viruses have a distinct protrusion that covers their surface and goes into the viral membrane. These surface protrusions are divided into two categories in terms of size.

             A- 8 nm long protrusions that contain a single HN glycoprotein, which is related to hemagglutination and light aminidase activities.

             B- Smaller protrusions formed by glycoprotein F and the ability of the virus membrane to blend with cell membranes, is related to it. As a result of this property, the genetic material of the virus enters the host cell, causing the infected cells to connect to each other. As a result, we will see the specific cytopathic effect of the virus, which is the formation of sessial senescence.

             Newcastle disease is very different in the world in terms of prevalence, severity, and type; this outbreak often causes problems in diagnosing Newcastle disease, especially when it is introduced in a country or region and causes problems in naming. Newcastle disease becomes more complicated when different strains of this virus cause the spread of this disease with very different severities. The classification of Newcastle pathotypes is mainly based on clinical symptoms (Beard et al., 1985).

    Doyle form: It is an acute form and a fatal infection in all ages. Hemorrhagic ulcers of the digestive tract are continuously present and this form of the disease was named viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle.

    Beach form : It is an acute form that is often fatal at all ages, which causes specific neurological symptoms and is called Neurotropic Newcastle Velogenic (NVND).

    Beaudette form: It is less symptomatic than NVND and death occurs only at a young age. The virus that causes this infection is a mesogenic type that is used as a secondary live vaccine.

    Hitchner form: which causes mild symptoms and has respiratory symptoms caused by a lentogenic pathotype that is commonly used as a vaccine.

    Intestinal form without symptoms: It is mainly an intestinal infection caused by a lentogenic virus that does not cause a specific disease. A number of live commercial vaccines are of this pathotype.

             Newcastle disease virus was first isolated in 1926 and for 30 years it was considered the only known paramyxovirus of birds. From the early 1970s until now, a large number of species of avian paramyxoviruses that are serologically distinct from NDV have been isolated. So far, HI, IDD, SN, NI and other serological tests and structural characteristics have been used to identify 9 distinct groups of avian paramyxoviruses. These serotypes are named PMV-1 to PMV-9. The naming method of influenza A viruses has been used for avian paramyxoviruses. In this way, an isolated virus is named based on:

    serotype

    species or type of bird from which the virus was isolated

    geographical location of the virus isolation

    reference number or name

    year of virus isolation (Alexander et al., 2008) In England, the disease was controlled by establishing quarantine and mass killing of infected poultry and by destroying infected poultry, as well as by disinfecting infected nests. But in Java, Indonesia, the fight was carried out in such a way that the main center of the disease was not destroyed, and it can be claimed that the origin and source of the spread and contamination of the disease in the world is from this area. Currently, Newcastle disease is under control all over the world. In our country, at the same time with the arrival of one-day-old chickens from abroad in 1329 and the development of the poultry industry in the country, this disease was also observed. Since then, the disease appears as an epidemic every few years. In recent years, due to the increasing growth of the poultry industry, the importance of this disease has received more attention and it has always been mentioned as the most important factor threatening industrial and traditional poultry (Saif et al., 2008). The reports related to the outbreak of Newcastle disease are similar to the one that occurred in 1926 in Central Europe. Also, Achi and Hashimoto reported a factor in Korea in 1924 that Kamel probably reported in 1896 in chickens from the Scottish Islands. Dale initially chose the name Newcastle provisionally for the disease to distinguish it from other viral agents. In the last 75 years, a better name for the virus has not been found (Alexander et al., 2008).

              In the United States, a mild respiratory disease with neurological factors was recognized in 1930 and later became known as pneumoencephalitis. In serological tests, the agent was subtracted from Newcastle disease virus. Within a few years, many isolates of the virus causing very mild or no disease in chickens were reported around the world. The history of the outbreak of Newcastle disease in most countries of the world is not well known.       

          

    1-1-2-Synonymous names

            Newcastle disease with the names of bird plague [1], Pseudo poultry, atypische Geflugelpest, Pseudo vogel, bird plague, bird distemper, Tetelo disease, Raikhet disease and pneumoencephalitis. Birds are used (Saif et al., 2008).

    These names may cause confusion. Because sometimes the infection of birds with any strain of Newcastle virus may be introduced as Newcastle disease. The word ND should be applied to infections whose definition is internationally accepted.

  • Contents & References of Examining the antibody titer obtained from Newcastle vaccination programs in beef mother herds before the start of HI and ELISA brouch production.

    List:

    The first chapter: Introduction. 1

    1-1- Introduction. 1

    1-1-History. 3

    1-1-2- Synonymous names. 4

    1-1-3- Economic importance. 5

    1-1-4- The importance of public health. 5

    1-1-5- Epidemiology. 6

    1-1-6- Morphology. 7

    1-1-7- Chemical compounds. 7

    1-1-8- Biological characteristics. 8

    1-1-8-1- hemagglutinin activity. 8

    1-1-8-2- light aminidase activity 9

    1-1-8-3- cell adhesion and hemolysis. 9

    1-1-8-4- Virus replication. 10

    1-1-8-5- sensitivity to physical and chemical agents. 10

    1-1-9- Pathogenicity tests. 11

    1-1-9-1- Identification of the virus based on the severity of the virus. 11

    1-1-9-2- Heat resistance 12

    1-1-9-3- Washing. 12

    1-1-9-4- Plate size and shape. 13

    1-1-9-5- structure of polypeptides 13

    1-1-9-7- binding to lectin. 14

    1-1-9-8- genetic swimming. 14

    1-1-9-9- molecular criteria for pathogenicity. 15

    1-1-10- Laboratory hosts. 16

    1-1-11- Transfer. 17

    1-1-12- dispersion and spread. 17

    1-1-13- Expansion. 19

    1-1-14- Diagnosis. 20

    1-1-14-1- Clinical symptoms. 20

    1-1-14-2- Autopsy findings. 22

    1-1-14-3- microscopic waste. 22

    1-1-14-3-1- Nervous system. 23

    1-1-14-3-2- vascular system. 23

    1-1-14-3-3- lymphatic system. 23

    1-1-14-3-4- intestinal organ. 23

    1-1-14-3-5- respiratory system. 24

    1-1-14-3-6- Genital system. 24

    1-1-14-3-7- Other organs 24

    1-1-15- Safety. 25

    1-1-15-1- active safety. 25

    1-1-15-3- Local immunity. 26

    1-1-15-4- patio safety. 26

    1-1-15-5- Immune suppression. 27

    1-1-16- Separation methods. 27

    1-1-16-1- Monoclonal antibodies. 28

    1-1-16-2- Serology. 28

    1-1-16-3- laboratory tests of pathogenicity. 28

    1-1-16-4- serological tests for Newcastle disease virus antibodies. 29

    1-1-16-5- Subtractive diagnosis. 29

    1-1-16-5-1- Molecular methods in the diagnosis of Newcastle disease. 30

    1-1-17-2- National control policies. 33

    Control and prevention at the farm level. 33

    1-1-18- Vaccination. 34

    1-1-18-1- Historical dimensions of vaccination. 34

    1-1-18-2- Vaccination policies. 35

    1-1-18-3- Live vaccines. 35

    Virus strains: 35

    1-1-18-3-1- Use of live vaccines. 36

    1-1-18-3-2- Advantages and disadvantages of live vaccines. 37

    1-1-18-4- Inactive or killed vaccines. 38

    1-1-18-4-1- Methods of producing killed or inactive vaccines. 38

    1-1-18-4-2- Advantages and disadvantages of killed or inactive vaccines. 38

    1-1-18-5- Vaccination program. 39

    1-1-18-6- Interpretation of vaccine responses. 39

    1-1-18-7- Vaccination of other birds. 40

    The second chapter: Research method. 41

    2-1- Research method. 41

    2-1-1- Vaccination program. 41

    2-2-ELISA test 44

    2-3-HI test 45

    2-3-1- Steps to perform HI test 46

    Chapter three: Results. 50

    3-1- The results of the comparison of antibody levels in the hemagglutination inhibition test in different groups. 50

    3-2- The results of the comparison of antibody levels in the ELISA test in different groups. 51

    3-3 Determining the relationship between the antibody titer resulting from the hemagglutination inhibition test and the ELISA test: 53

    3-4 Determining the relationship between the antibody titer resulting from the hemagglutination inhibition test and the ELISA test in form one: 54

    3-5 Determining the relationship between the antibody titer resulting from the hemagglutination inhibition test and the ELISA test in Form Two: 55

    3-6 Determining the relationship between the antibody titer resulting from the hemagglutination inhibition test and the ELISA test in form three: 56

    3-7 Determining the relationship between the antibody titer resulting from the hemagglutination inhibition test and the ELISA test in form four: 57

    3-8 Determining the relationship between the antibody titer resulting from the hemagglutination inhibition test and the ELISA test in Form Five: 58

    3-9 Determining the relationship between the antibody titer resulting from the hemagglutination inhibition test and the ELISA test51

    3-3 Determining the relationship between the antibody titer resulting from the hemagglutination inhibition test and the ELISA test: 53

    3-4 Determining the relationship between the antibody titer resulting from the hemagglutination inhibition test and the ELISA test in form one: 54

    3-5 Determining the relationship between the antibody titer resulting from the hemagglutination inhibition test and the ELISA test in Form two: 55

    3-6 Determining the relationship between the antibody titer resulting from the hemagglutination inhibition test and the ELISA test in form three: 56

    3-7 Determining the relationship between the antibody titer resulting from the hemagglutination inhibition test and the ELISA test in form four: 57

    3-8 Determining the relationship between the antibody titer resulting from the hemagglutination inhibition test and ELISA test in form five: 58

    3-9 Determining the relationship between the antibody titer from the hemagglutination inhibition test and ELISA test in form six: 59

    3-10 Determining the relationship between the antibody titer from the hemagglutination inhibition test and the ELISA test in form seven: 60

    3-11 Determining the relationship between the antibody titer from the inhibition test From hemagglutination and ELISA test in form eight: 61

    3-12 Determining the relationship between the antibody titer resulting from the hemagglutination inhibition test and the ELISA test in form nine: 62

    3-12 Determining the relationship between the antibody titer resulting from the hemagglutination inhibition test and the ELISA test in form ten: 63

    Chapter four: discussion and conclusion. 64

    Chapter Five: Suggestions. 67

    List of sources: 68

    Persian sources: 68

    Latin sources: 68

    English summary: 72

    Source:

    Persian sources:

    Rasoulnejad Fereydoni, Sasan., 1370, prevention of reactions The increase caused by the vaccine (translation), Chekauk magazine, number 5, pages 65 to 72. Rasul-nejad Fereydoni, Sasan, 1370, principles of vaccination programs (translation). Chekauk magazine, number 7, pages 35-52. Faizi, Adel, Bijanzad, Peyman, 1389, investigating the effect of Thymus vulgaris volatile oils on growth performance of broiler chickens, number 12, year 14, pages 39-45. Latin sources: Ref: Abdu, 4 P. A., Wakawa, A. M., Sa'idu, L., Joanis, T. M. and Fatihu, M. Y. (2008): A Severe Form of Newcastle Disease Caused by a Mesogenic Virus in Five-Week Old Broilers in Zaria. Vet. Clin. Practice Bull.(1): 1-6.

     - 5Adair, B. M., Mcnulty, M. S., Todd, D., Connor, T. J. and Burns, K. (1989): Quantitative Estimation of Newcastle Disease Virus Antibody Levels in Chickens and Turkeys by Elisa. Avian Pathology 18(1): 175 - 192.

    - 6 Al-Garib, S. O., Gielkens, A. L. J., Gruys, E. and Kochi, G. (2003): Review of Newcastle Disease Virus with Particular References to Immunity and Vaccination. World's Poultry Science Journal 59(02): 185-200.

    - 7Aldous, E. W., Mynn, J. K., Banks, J. and Alexander, D. J. (2003): A Molecular Epidemiological Study of Avian Paramyxovirus Type 1 (Newcastle Disease Virus) Isolates by Phylogenetic Analysis of a Partial Nucleotide Sequence of the Fusion Protein Gene. Avian Pathology 32(3): 239 - 257.

    - 8Alexander, D. J. (2000): Newcastle Disease in Ostriches "Struthio Camelus" — a Review. Avian Pathology 29(2): 95 - 100.

    - 9Alexander, D. J. (2001): Newcastle Disease. British Poultry Science 42(1): 5 - 22.

    - 10Alexander, D. J., Manvell, R. J., Kemp, P. A., Parsons, G., Collins, M. S., Brockman, S., Russell, P. H. and Lister, S. A. (1987): Use of Monoclonal Antibodies in the Characterization of Avian Paramyxovirus Type 1 (Newcastle Disease Virus) Isolates. Submitted to an International Reference Laboratory. Avian Pathology 16(4): 553 - 565.

    - 11Alexander, D. J., Senne, D. A., Gough, R. E. and Jones, R. C. (2008). Newcastle Disease, Pneumovirus Infection and Other Paramyxoviruses. Diseases of Poultry. Y. M. Saif. Iowa, IA, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing: 75-115.

    - 12Allan, W. H. and Borland, L. J. (1979): The Stress Index: A Method for Indicating the Pathogenicity of Vaccinal Newcastle Disease Virus When Administered by Aerosol. Avian Pathology 8(4): 401 - 409.

    - 13Aziz, T. a. G. and Ahmed, T. A. (2010): Serological Survey of Newcastle Disease in Domestic Chickens in Sulaimani Province. Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani 13(1): 31-38.

    - 14Beard, C. W. and Wilkes, W. J. (1985): A Comparison of Newcastle Disease Hemagglutination-Inhibition Test Results from Diagnostic Laboratories in the Southeastern United States. Avian Dis 29(4): 1048-1056.

     - 15Beard, P. D., Spalatin, J. and Hanson, R. P. (1970): Strain Identification of Newcastle Disease Virus in Tissue Culture. Avian Dis 14(4): 636-645.

    - 16Bennejean, G., Guittet, M., Picault, J. P., Bouguet, J. F., Devaux, B., Gaudry, D. and Moreau (1978): Vaccination of One Day-Old Chick against Newcastle Disease Using Inactivated Oil Adjuvant Vaccine and/or Live Vaccine. Avian Pathology 7(1): 13-27.

Examining the antibody titer obtained from Newcastle vaccination programs in beef mother herds before the start of HI and ELISA brouch production.
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