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  3. Investigating the possibility of using clinoptilolite nanoporous zeolite as a stationary phase to extract paraquat from blood

Investigating the possibility of using clinoptilolite nanoporous zeolite as a stationary phase to extract paraquat from blood

Number of pages: 101 File Format: word File Code: 31998
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Medical Sciences
Tags/Keywords: Cation exchange - Cation exchange resin - Clinoptilolite - Extraction of paraquat from blood - nano cavity - Nano-cavity zeolite - Paraquat - Propyl carboxylic acid - Zeolite
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  • Summary of Investigating the possibility of using clinoptilolite nanoporous zeolite as a stationary phase to extract paraquat from blood

    Dissertation to receive a master's degree (((M.sc)

    Treatment: Medical Nanotechnology

    Abstract

    In the present research, the cation exchange property of clinoptilolite is used due to its negative charge in its structure. The subject of this research is related to medical nanotechnology, due to the nanohole And the porosity of clinoptilolite and the high absorption level of this zeolite is high. The negative charge that is created due to the higher number of aluminum atoms in this natural aluminosilicate is scattered throughout the cavities and channels of this zeolite. Considering that paraquat (a bipyridyl herbicide) is a divalent cation. Poison with clinical symptoms, determining the amount of this poison in the blood can greatly help toxicologists in timely and effective treatment of poisoning with this poison. However, extracting this poison from the blood with organic solvents is extremely difficult due to its high solubility in the water environment, and the recovery is low. In this research, the absorption and release of paraquat from clinoptilolite will be compared with the cation exchange resin of propyl carboxylic acid (PCA). The recovery parameters are LOD (Limit Of Detection). or the lowest limit of detection, (Limit Of Quantification) LOQ or the lowest limit of measurement, and WRE (Within Run Error) or error within the experiment, for extracting paraquat from blood by clinoptilolite was 3.4 ± 81.7, 0.58 µgr/ml, 1.93 µgr/ml, 7.1% respectively. And for extracting paraquat from blood by propyl carboxylic acid (PCA) resin, respectively 83.6 ± 3.2, 0.49 µgr/ml, 1.63 µgr/ml, 6.3%. The results showed that clinoptilolite can be effectively used as an adsorbent with cation exchange property in extracting paraquat from blood. The pore size of clinoptilolite is 0.7×7 ?×(0.5 nm), the cation exchange capacity of clinoptilolite is about 1.6-1.4 meq/gr and the cation exchange capacity of propyl carboxylic acid is 10 meq/gr. According to the cation exchange capacity of clinoptilolite and propyl carboxylic acid, it is predicted that each gram of these materials can extract 1.6-1.4 meq/gr of paraquat (equivalent to 130-149 mg) and 10 meq/gr of paraquat (equivalent to 931 mg). The specific surface (BET) of clinoptilolite was measured using a Nano SORD device The size of clinoptilolite particles was measured using a particle size analyzer (Master sizer). The value of zeta potential was measured using a device (Zetasizer), -27.9 mV. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures of clinoptilolite were obtained using a field-emission scanning electron microscope. Experiments with a particle size analyzer confirm the particle size of 11-40 micrometers for this powder. Keywords: clinoptilolite, paraquat, nano cavity, zeolite, cation exchange resin, (

     

     

    1-1 statement of the problem

    Zeolites are nanoporous and nanostructured crystalline hydrated aluminosilicate materials that exist naturally and artificially and have many applications in industry and medicine. Chemical formula Zeolites are Mx/n[(Alo2)x(SiO2)Y]WH2O, where M is a cation from the category of alkaline or alkaline earth metals, n is the cation capacity, W is the number of water molecules in a crystal unit cell, and x, y are the total number of tetrahedral units in a crystal unit cell. These mineral compounds have many applications in various industries and medicine Such as high surface absorption for water, gases and various materials and high ion exchange capacity for cations. Due to having an aluminosilicate structure, zeolites can absorb different materials to their surface. Paraquat with the brand name Gramaxone is a bipyridyl herbicide and an organic divalent cation, which has a high mortality rate. Although paraquat can be easily detected in urine using the sodium dithionite test at a level of 1 ?g/ml, measuring the plasma level of paraquat is a more accurate method to predict poisoning.Although paraquat can be easily detected in urine using the sodium dithionite test at the level of 1 microgram per milliliter, measuring the plasma level of paraquat is a more accurate method to predict the state of poisoning, so that at a plasma level of 2 mg/liter, 4 hours after consumption, 0.2 mg/liter, 24 hours after consumption, and 0.1 mg/liter, 48 hours after consumption, death occurs. because paraquat is highly ionized and polar in water, this compound tends to remain in the aqueous phase and it cannot be extracted by liquid-liquid extraction to a high extent. In this research, using clinoptilolite particles (which have ion exchange properties) as the stationary phase, paraquat (which is an organic divalent cation) will be extracted from blood by cation exchange solid phase extraction method. This research is an approach to investigate the interaction of paraquat herbicide with nano-structured materials and to create a new, simple, cheap and high-efficiency method for more appropriate and effective extraction of this substance from blood using nanotechnology. rtl;">1-2 research objectives:

    1-2-1 main objectives

    Investigating the possibility of using clinoptilolite nanoporous zeolite as a stationary phase to extract paraquat from blood

    1-2-2 secondary objectives

    1. Investigating the amount of surface absorption paraquat by clinoptilolite particles and its comparison with propyl carboxylic acid

    2. Investigating the amount of paraquat release by clinoptilolite particles and comparing it with propyl carboxylic acid

    3. Investigating the effect of different solvents on the release of paraquat from clinoptilolite particles

    4. Investigating the effect of ionic strength of solvents on the release of paraquat from clinoptilolite particles

    5. Measuring the size of clinoptilolite particles by particle size analyzer

    6. Measuring the zeta potential of clinoptilolite particles

    7. Scanning electron microscopic examination of particles Clinoptilolite

    1-2-3 practical purposes

    in forensic medicine centers and toxicology diagnostic laboratories

     

     

     

     

     

    1-3 questions and hypotheses

    1-3-1 hypotheses

    1. It is assumed that clinoptilolite particles can absorb paraquat, which is an organic cation, to their surface due to their cation exchange properties.

    2. It is assumed that by adding a cation with higher ionic strength, paraquat can be separated from clinoptilolite particles.

    3. It is assumed that solvents with more polarity have a higher ability to separate paraquat from clinoptilolite particles.

    4. It is thought that solvents with higher ionic strength have a higher ability to separate paraquat from clinoptilolite particles.

    5. It is thought that after extraction, paraquat can be measured at the appropriate wavelength by UV spectrophotometry.

    1-3-2 main question

    Is it possible to Did clinoptilolite use blood to extract paraquat?

    Does paraquat have the ability to absorb and release from clinoptilolite?

     

     

    1-4 definitions of words

    1-4-1 What is nano?

    The term nanotechnology was first used by Tokyo University of Science Professor Noriotaniguchi in 1974. He used this term to describe the construction of precise materials (devices) whose dimensions are in nanometers. In 1986, this term was re-created and redefined by Drexler in a book entitled Engine of Creation, the beginning of the era of nanotechnology.

  • Contents & References of Investigating the possibility of using clinoptilolite nanoporous zeolite as a stationary phase to extract paraquat from blood

    List:

    Chapter One (Introduction)

    Persian abstract..2

    Keywords..2

    1-1 statement of the problem..3

    1-2 research objectives..4

    1-2-1 main objectives..4

    1-2-2 specific objectives..4

    1-2-3 objectives Application..4

    1-3 Questions and hypotheses..5

    1-3-1 Hypotheses..5

    1-3-2 Main question..5

    1-4 Definition of words..6

    1-4-1 What is nano..6

     

     

     

    1-5 History of nano Technology..6

    1-5-1 properties of nanoparticles..7

    1-5-2 What is nanotechnology..8

    1-5-3 advanced nanotechnology..9

    1-5-4 nanomedicine..9

    1-6 applications of nanomedicine..10

    1-6-1 drug delivery..10

    1-6-2 nanomedicines..10

    1-6-3 drug delivery systems and drug therapy.10

    1-6-4 nanotechnology in biological drug delivery.11

    1-6-5 drug delivery..12

    1-6-6 functional and targeted drug carriers.12

    1-6-7 discovery Medicine..12

    1-7 diagnostic methods..12

    1-7-1 extracorporeal methods..13

    1-7-2 intracorporeal methods..14

    1-7-3 medical imaging..15

    1-7-4 regenerative medicine..16

    1-8 biomaterials..18

    1-9 active implants..18

    1-.1 position of nanomedicine in the set of medical services.18

    1-11 a look at the future of nanomedicine.19

    1-12 nanotechnology and environmental health issues.20

    1-13 tools used in nanotechnology to check physical and chemical properties Nanoparticles. 21

    1-14 Classification of methods for determining the characteristics of materials and nanoparticles based on their function. 22

    1-14-1 Microscopic methods. 22

    1-14-2 Methods based on diffraction. 22

    1-14-3 Spectroscopy methods. 22

    1-14-4 Mass spectrometry. 23

    1-14-5 separation methods.23

    1-15 What is zeolite..23

    1-16 types of zeolite..24

    1-16-1 natural zeolites..24

    1-16-2 synthetic zeolites.24

     

     

     

     

    1-16-3 Uses and applications of zeolite.25

    1-16-4 Medical uses.25

    1-16-5 Use in medicine and drug delivery.25

    1-16-6 Use as food supplement.25

    1-16-7 Use in Animal husbandry. 25

    1-16-8 use in pet care. 26

    1-16-9 commercial and local uses. 26

    1-16-10 use in petrochemical industries. 26

    1-16-11 use in nuclear industries. 26

    1-16-12 use in cooling systems. and heating. 26

    1-16-13 Use as a detergent. 26

    1-16-14 Use in road and construction industries. 26

    1-16-15 Use as an antioxidant. 26

    1-16-16 Use as a test of astronautical hardware. 26

    1-17 Clinoptilolite 27

    1-17-1 The porous structure of clinoptilolite. 28

    1-18 What are quats..29

    1-18-1 types of quats..29

     

     

    1-18-2 The chemical structure of different quats. 30

    1-19 Di paraquat Chloride.. 31

    1-19-1 Schematic diagram of paraquat reduction by cytochrome p450 reductase. 32

    1-19-2 Chemical structure of paraquat dichloride. 33

    Chapter 2 (overview of research done)

    2-1 Fast extraction of paraquat from plasma using ion pairing technique. 35

    2-2 Time Between paraquat absorption and negative urine dithionite test, as an independent risk factor for death and organ failure in acute paraquat poisoning. 35 2-3 Quantitative extraction of paraquat and diquat from blood. 35 2-4 Comparison of paraquat extraction methods from post-mortem blood samples. 36 2-5 Controlled release of paraquat from modified levels. Zeolite Y. 36 2-6 Purification of natural clinoptilolite zeolite for medical applications to extract lead. 36 2-7 A simple method for the determination of paraquat in plasma and serum of patients by HPLC (high-performance chromatography). 2-8 Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; A method to determine the herbicide paraquat and

    diquat in plasma and urine samples. 37

    2-9 determination of paraquat in biological samples by a simplified method

    solid phase extraction and spectrophotometry. 38

    2-10 emergency estimation of paraquat in plasma, comparison of the RIA method (radioimmuno38

    2-10 emergency estimation of paraquat in plasma, comparison of RIA (radioimmunoassay) method and

    ion pair colorimetry method. 38

    2-11 A simple and concise method for determining paraquat in plasma. 38

    2-12 Comparison of paraquat detection method in blood by zeolite with the usual detection method

    Paraquat in urine. 39

    2-13 Schematic view of the extraction of a cation by a cation exchange resin. 40

    Chapter 3 (Required materials and devices and research methods)

    3-1 Required devices and devices. 42

    3-2 Materials. 42

    3-3 Summary of the test execution method. 43

    3-4 Micronized clinoptilolite powder. 43

    3-5 general method of conducting the test. 43

    3-6 specifications of the data collection tool and how to collect it. 45

    3-7 method of calculating sample volume and its number. 45

    3-8 method of calculating Limit Of Detection (LOD.45

    3-9 method of calculating Limit Of Quantification ((LOQ.45

    3-10 The method of calculating the error within the experiment or (Within-Run Erorr) WRE.45

    3-11 The method of calculating the percentage of recovery (Recovery).46

    3-12 The working method.45

    3-13 The method of making the stock solution.46

    3-14 Types of experiments.46

    3-15 Drawing the standard curve of paraquat dichloride in water. 47

    3-16 drawing the standard curve of paraquat dichloride after

    derivatization with 0.1% sodium dithionite reagent in 1 M solution. 48

    3-17 measurement of paraquat in blood without extraction. 49

    3-18 extraction of paraquat from aqueous solution using resin

    propyl cation exchange carboxylic acid (PCA). 50

    3-19 Extraction of paraquat from aqueous solution using clinoptilolite. 51

    3-20 Extraction of paraquat from blood using PCA resin. 52

    3-21 Extraction of paraquat from blood using clinoptilolite zeolite. 53

    3-22 Measurement of paraquat in plasma by 54

    3-23 Further derivatization: 55

    3-24 Using different solvents to extract paraquat from blood. 55

    Chapter 4 (Results)

    4-1 Ultraviolet spectrum of paraquat with a concentration of 10 ?g/ml in distilled water. 58

    4-2 Calibration curve of paraquat in distilled water

    Next From derivatization with sodium dithionite reagent. 59

    4-3 visible spectrum of paraquat with a concentration of 10 ?g/ml in sodium dithionite reagent. 60

    4- Paraquat calibration curve in serum after derivatization with sodium dithionite at

    wavelength 394.5.61

    4-5 Paraquat-sodium dithionite calibration curve wavelength 603.62 nm 4-6 visible spectrum of paraquat with a concentration of 2 ?g/ml after extraction from serum in sodium dithionite reagent 63 4-7 zeta potential curve of sieved clinoptilolite particles intra-test errors, detection limit, measurement limit, and recovery percentage). 65 4-10 data analysis method 4-11 single point BET analysis report 4-12 average size of clinoptilolite particles using particle size analyzer 4-13 particle image Clinoptilolite using SEM microscope. 68

    4-14 explaining the role of nanotechnology in this thesis. 69

    Chapter 5 (discussion and conclusion)

    1-5 discussion. 71

    5-2 conclusion. 73

    List of sources and sources (Persian and non-Persian used)

    List of Persian sources. 74

    List of English sources. 75

    List of articles. 80

    Jury approval page.

    Judge signature form.

    English summary. 81

    Source:

    Persian reference list:

    1. Varshusaz, J., 2013, Nanotechnology and its applications in medical sciences, Isfahan: Research Assistant of University of Medical Sciences

    English reference list

    1) Auerbach SM, Carrado KA, Dutta PK (2003) Handbook of zeolite science and technology. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.

    2) Ribeiro FR, Rodrigues AE, Rollmann LD, Naccache C (1984) Zeolites: science and technology. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague.

    3) Moser WR (1996) Advanced catalysis and nanostructured materials-modern synthetic methods. Academic Press, New York.

    4) Baerlocher C, McCusker LB, Olson DH (2007) Atlas of zeolite framework types. Elsevier, New York.

Investigating the possibility of using clinoptilolite nanoporous zeolite as a stationary phase to extract paraquat from blood
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