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  3. Antimicrobial effect of marjoram plant extract and pistachio outer shell extract on Helicobacter pylori

Antimicrobial effect of marjoram plant extract and pistachio outer shell extract on Helicobacter pylori

Number of pages: 84 File Format: word File Code: 31952
Year: Not Specified University Degree: Master's degree Category: Medical Sciences
Tags/Keywords: Antimicrobial activity - Helicobacter - Helicobacter pylori - Marjoram plant extract - Pistachio outer shell extract
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  • Summary of Antimicrobial effect of marjoram plant extract and pistachio outer shell extract on Helicobacter pylori

    Abstract

    Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped, microaerophilic bacterium that lives in the human stomach. This bacterium is often seen in patients who suffer from chronic gastritis or stomach ulcers. Helicobacter pylori infection is asymptomatic in more than 80% of people.  It seems that this bacterium plays a role in maintaining the natural ecology of the stomach. The standard treatment regimen for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection is a three-drug regimen that usually consists of a proton pump inhibitor such as omeprazole and two antibiotics, clarithromycin and amoxicillin. Due to the side effects of this drug regimen and the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori, in recent years much attention has been paid to the antimicrobial properties of plant extracts. Extraction of marjoram and pistachio shell was done using standard extraction methods. After concentration and drying, the extracts were kept under standard conditions until use. The standard strain of Helicobacter pylori was prepared after being transferred to the laboratory and growing again using a jar and a gas pack of 10% carbon dioxide for drug sensitivity. Evaluation of the anti-Helicobacter pylori effect was done using standard diffusion methods in agar and the diameter of the no-growth halo was measured.

    The maximum no-growth halo was observed at a concentration of 1000 mg/ml of both extracts. The diameter of the halo of non-growth in the mentioned concentration in marjoram and pistachio outer shell extract was observed to be 21 and 19 mm, respectively. An interesting point is that the inhibitory effect of the mixture of two extracts was found to be half of each (8 mm) less than each of the extracts.

    Although the extracts of two plants at a concentration of 1000 mg/ml showed the most antimicrobial effect against Helicobacter pylori, however, the antagonistic effect of the two extracts on the growth of Helicobacter pylori is significant.

    key words: marjoram extract, pistachio outer shell extract, antimicrobial activity, Helicobacter pylori

     

     

    Chapter One

     

     

    General

     

     

    The importance of Helicobacter pylori

    Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium (11), which is the most important cause of stomach ulcers and cancer, which is usually transmitted through food and contaminated water (14). In developing countries, 70 to 90% of people are infected with this bacterium before the age of 10, and this rate is less than 40% in developed countries, and in general, this bacterium is colonized in more than 50% of the world's population (2), which depends on geographical conditions, social factors, and individual behaviors. Chronic gastritis leads to the replacement of normal gastric mucosa with fibrosis and proliferation of intestinal-type epithelium. This process increases the risk of stomach cancer by almost a hundred times (2

    History of the discovery of Helicobacter

    Professor Jaworski from Poland was the first to discover spiral bacteria in human stomach secretions more than 100 years ago. The connection between gastritis and peptic ulcer disease has been known since the 1940s, but the cultivation of these bacteria was not successful. In the year In 1924, Locke and Seth reported that the human stomach has a lot of urease activity, and in 1959, it was shown that the urease activity of the stomach decreases after the administration of tetracycline, but the connection between this enzyme and gastric spirochetes was not determined until 1984. In fact, the main obstacle in recognizing the role of spiral bacteria in the pathology of the human stomach was the inability to culture bacteria from the stomach In 1968, the lack of activity of urease in the stomach of animals was confirmed.In 1979, helical bacteria were described in the luminal surface of epithelial cells of patients with gastric ulcer. Three years later, the beneficial effect of bismuth on duodenal mucosa in duodenal ulcer patients was determined (11).

    But the golden age began in 1981 when an internal medicine assistant named Barry Marshallik started a clinical research project with a pathologist named Robin Warrender of Australia(14).  Warren stained the gastric biopsy samples with Vartin stearin dye and noticed the presence of bacteria in the mucus. Marshall treated an elderly Russian patient suffering from gastritis, who had bacteria in his stomach, with tetracycline and noticed the disappearance of the infection and the improvement of gastritis (11)

    Next attempts to culture these bacilli were unsuccessful until in April 1982, Marshall unexpectedly succeeded in doing this. The story was that instead of the Petri dishes staying in the incubator for 2 days, they had to stay for 5 days. When these containers were examined after the holidays, small, shiny colonies were found.

    This was the first successful culture and isolation of bacteria from the stomach of a patient with gastritis. The association of these bacteria with gastritis was first mentioned in the Royal Australian College of Physicians on October 22, 1982. These Campylobacter-like organisms were first called Campylobacter pyloridis because they were microaerobic, curved and gram-negative, and they were similar to Campylobacter both morphologically and in terms of guanine/cytosine content. Due to grammatical considerations, this name was changed to Campylobacter pylori in 1987. Then it was found that this bacterium does not belong to the genus Campylobacter and in 1989 the new name Helicobacter was proposed, which indicates the 2 morphological appearance of this organism: spiral in the living body but often rod in the laboratory (bacterium, rod) (10). The importance of the work of these two scientists became clear when Marshall and Warren won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2005 (2).

    1-1-2- Structural features

    This bacterium owes its survival to several properties that explain its unique adaptive power (17)

    First, this microbe needs a small amount of oxygen It needs to survive (2).

    Second, its spiral shape allows this bacterium to enter between the mucous layer covering the stomach (6). Third, this bacterium has up to seven whip-like proteins that protrude from the end of the bacterium and move it into the mucous layer (6).

    Fourth, this bacterium has special receptors that allow it to open its way through the mucus and stick to the cells of the stomach lining(17).

    Helicobacter pylori has another property. It is also the most important. This bacterium can break down "urea" molecules.  This process creates ammonia and carbon dioxide, which creates a cloud-like sheath around the bacterium and protects it from stomach acid that kills normal bacteria (18) 1-1-3- Virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori In Helicobacter pylori, several virulence factors such as The shape of spiryl and the ability to move, catalase enzyme, inhibitory proteins, gastric acid secretion, connection of Helicobacter pylori adhesion molecules and urease enzyme have been identified. Among the mentioned factors, the most important is the urease enzyme, which is known as one of the important components of this bacterium due to its strong activity (6 and 2). microaerophilic bacterium found in stomach. It is present in patients with chronic gastritis and gastric ulcers. Over 80% of individuals infected with H. pylori are asymptomatic and it may play an important role in the natural stomach ecology. The standard therapy of H. pylori infections is triple therapy consisting of one proton pump inhibition (Omprazole) and antibiotics Clarithromycin and Amoxycillin.

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Antimicrobial effect of marjoram plant extract and pistachio outer shell extract on Helicobacter pylori
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