Chapter One
1-1 Background of the research:
Consciousness is awareness of oneself and the environment and responding to external stimuli and internal needs. Consciousness is also a dynamic and variable state and has levels that are not really separate from each other and is in the form of a spectrum where full consciousness is at one end and coma is at the other end (1); Coma is a state of unconsciousness and lack of response to stimuli (2), in fact, coma is a state of deep unconsciousness in which the patient is not awake, his eyes are closed, there are no sleep-wake cycles in the patient's electroencephalography, and there is no evidence of purposeful behavior or communication in the patient (3) and it is complicated by various local or diffuse injuries that cause disconnection of the reticular activating system from the brain stem and wakefulness disorder (Arousal) (1). Although for many years, mankind has realized the important and vital role of the brain in the body and has always tried to protect this sensitive and complex organ from harm and damage (1), but despite all these efforts, brain injuries, including traumatic brain injuries (TBI) [1] and non-traumatic brain injuries (NTBI) [2] have interfered with this goal (4) and are considered one of the main causes of coma and other disorders of consciousness, so that brain and spinal cord injuries are the most important cause of death. and hospitalization is among the incidents and accidents (5), among which head traumas with a rate of 152-300/100,000 are the primary source of death and disability (6). Also, every year about one hundred million people suffer concussions and more than eight hundred thousand people suffer permanent disabilities as a result, so that in England, on average, 9 cases per 100 thousand population die due to concussions, most of them are in the age group of 15-24 years old, and in a more general ratio, one person is admitted to hospitals in this country every 6 minutes for this reason(7). In the United States, about 10 million head injuries occur annually, and about 20% of these injuries are severe enough to cause brain damage. Every year in America, about 1.5 million people suffer from brain trauma, of which 50,000 people die and 80,000 people suffer from long-term disabilities (5). In Iran, the death rate is also high, so that head injuries are currently the second leading cause of death in Iran. According to the Ministry of Health report, 25,000 people died in 2018 due to traffic accidents(8). It is more young and people over 75 years old (10). Most TBI sufferers are in the age group of 15-24 years with a secondary increase in the age group of 60-70 years (11). Non-traumatic brain injuries can also occur at any age, but the incidence of these injuries increases significantly in people over 65 years old (4). Traumatic brain injury patients usually have neurological deficits and significant changes in the level of consciousness. According to reports, 25% of patients recover from severe brain damage, and only 20% of unconscious patients recover 5 months after the first brain injury, and about half of the cases remain unconscious for the rest of their lives (12). The findings of Gruner, Wedekind and Kellogg's study (2003) [3] entitled "The consequences of prolonged coma following severe traumatic brain injuries" showed that out of 24 patients studied, six patients died, three patients remained in a vegetative state, six patients had severe disabilities and six patients had moderate disabilities, and three patients recovered well after one year (11).
Contents & References of Determining the effect of organized auditory stimulation with a familiar voice on the level of consciousness and hemodynamic status of comatose patients admitted to the special care department of Rasht's Porsina Medical Training Center in 2019.
List:
None.
Source:
1. Goudarzi F, Basampoor S, Zakeri-Moghadam M, Faghih-Zadeh S, Rezaie F, Mohamad-Zadeh F. Changes in Level of Consciousness During Auditory Stimulation by Familiar Voice in Comatose Patients. Iranian Journal of Nursing. 2010;23(63):43-50. [Persian]
2. Lombardi F, Taricco M, De Tanti A, Telaro E, Liberati A. Sensory stimulation of brain-injured individuals in coma or vegetative state: results of a Cochrane systematic review. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2002;16(5):464-72.
3. Giacino JT, Trott CT. Rehabilitative management of patients with disorders of consciousness: grand rounds. The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation. 2004;19(3):254-65.
4. Derstine JB, Hargrove SD. Comprehensive rehabilitation nursing: WB Saunders Co; 2001.
5. Ghaemi K, Aboueye Mehrizi M, Naseh G. Evaluation of coagulation markers in patients with brain injury, Imam Reza Hospital of Birjand, 2006. Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences. 2011;18(1):25-31. [Persian]
6. Masson F, Thicoipe M, Mokni T, Aye P, Erny P, Dabadie P. Epidemiology of traumatic comas: a prospective population-based study. Brain injury. 2003;17(4):279-93.
7. Shad FZ, Hooshmand P, Samini F. The Effect of Sensory Stimulation On The Level Of Consciousness Suffering From Head Injury Coma. Journal of sabzevar school of medical sciences. 2002;9(3):67-73. [Persian]
8. Maleki M, Ghaderi M, Ashktorab T, Jabbari Nooghabi H, Zadehmohammadi A. Effect of Light Music on Physiological Parameters of Patients with Traumatic Brain Injuries at Intensive Care Units. The Horizon of Medical Sciences. 2012;18(1):66-74. [Persian]
9. Winn HR. Youmans neurological surgery: New York WB Saunders; 2004.
10. Hoeman SP. Rehabilitation nursing: prevention, intervention, and outcomes: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2008.
11. Lippert-GrUner M, Wedekind C, Klug N. Outcome of prolonged coma following severe traumatic brain injury. Brain injury. 2003;17(1):49-54.
12. Urbenjaphol P, Jitpanya C, Khaoropthum S. Effects of the sensory stimulation program on recovery in unconscious patients with traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing. 2009;41(3):E10-E6.
13. Gorji M, Araghiyansc F, Jafari H, Gorgi A, Yazdani J. Effect of auditory stimulation on traumatic coma duration in intensive care unit of Medical Sciences University of Mazandaran, Iran. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia. 2014;8(1):69. [Persian]
14. Lillis C, LeMone P, LeBon M, Lynn P. Study Guide for Fundamentals of Nursing: The Art and Science of Nursing Care: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010.
15. Hosseinzadeh E, Mahmoodi SGR, Vakili MA, Kazemnejad K, Mohammadi MR, Taziki MH, et al. The Effect Of Voice Auditory Stimulation On The Consciousness Of The Coma Patients Suffering From Head Injury. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT IN NURSING & MIDWIFERY 2013;10:1-9. [Persian]
16. Oh H, Seo W. Sensory stimulation program to improve recovery in comatose patients. Journal of clinical nursing. 2003;12(3):394-404.
17. Mazaux J, De Seze M, Joseph P, Barat M. Early rehabilitation after severe brain injury: a French perspective. Journal of rehabilitation medicine: official journal of the UEMS European Board of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2001;33(3):99-109.
18. Hasanzadeh F, Hoseini AT, Esmaily H, Ehsaee MR. THE Impact of Familiar Sensory Stimulation on Level of Consciousness in Patients with Head Injury in ICU. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences. 2012;4(1):121-33. [Persian]
19. Imani E. Effects of leg massage on physiological indices of patients with traumatic brain injuries in intensive care units of Shohadae Tajrish hospital affiliated to Shaheed BeheshtiEffects of leg massage on physiological indices of patients with traumatic brain injuries in intensive care units of Shohadae Tajrish hospital affiliated to Shaheed Beheshti medical university. Journal of Shaeed Sdoughi University of Medical Sciences Yazd. 2004;17(2):15-209. [Persian]
20. Davis AE, Gimenez A. Cognitive-behavioral recovery in comatose patients following auditory sensory stimulation. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing. 2003;35(4):202-9.
21. Heydari GM, Araghian MF, Jafari H, Gholipour A, Yazdani CJ. COMPARING THE EFFECTS OF FAMILIAR AND UNFAMILIAR VOICES AS AUDITORY SENSORY STIMULATION IN LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS AMONG TRAUMATIC COMATOSE PATIENTS IN INTENSIVE CARE UNIT. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2013;22(97):14-208. [Persian]
22. Puggina ACG, da Silva MJP, Santos JLF. Use of music and voice stimulus on patients with disorders of consciousness. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing. 2011;43(1):E8-E16.
23. Elkin MK, Perry AG, Potter PA. Nursing interventions and clinical skills: Mosby St. Lois 2003.
24. Kozier B. Fundamentals of nursing: concepts, process and practice: Pearson Education; 2008.
25. Hickey JV. Clinical practice of neurological and neurosurgical nursing: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011.
26. Ropper AH. Adams and Victor's principles of neurology: McGraw-Hill Medical Pub. Division New York; 2005.
27. Black JM, Hawks JH. Textbook of medical surgical nursing. New Delhi: Elsevier publication; 2005.
28. Jennett B. Development of Glasgow coma and outcome scales. Nepal Journal of Neuroscience. 2005;2(1):24-8.
29. Bradley WG. Neurology in clinical practice: principles of diagnosis and management: Taylor & Francis; 2004.
30. Potter PA, Perry AG, Translated: Salami S. Basic nursing: Essentials for practice. 2 ed. Tehran: Salami; 2009. [Persian]
31. Gerber CS. Understanding and managing coma stimulation: are we doing everything we can? Critical care nursing quarterly. 2005;28(2):94-108.
32. Thaut MH, Gardiner JC, Holmberg D, Horwitz J, Kent L, Andrews G, et al. Neurologic music therapy improves executive function and emotional adjustment in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2009;1169(1):406-16.
33. Kitchen ND, McKhann G, Manji H. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery: Self-Assessment Color Review: CRC Press; 2003.
34. Ashman TA, Gordon WA, Cantor JB, Hibbard MR. Neurobehavioral consequences of traumatic brain injury. The Mount Sinai journal of medicine, New York. 2006;73(7):999-1005.
35. Girard TD, Pandharipande PP, Ely EW. Delirium in the intensive care unit. Critical Care. 2008;12(Suppl 3):S3.
36. Mirbagher Ajorpaz N AM, Shahshahani M. The effects of music and Holy Quran on patient's anxiety
and vital signs before abdominal surgery. Islamic Life Center Health. 2012;1(1). Epub 2012-07-19.
37. Zeman A. Consciousness: Wiley Online Library; 2006.
38. Cartlidge N. States related to or confused with coma. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2001;71(suppl 1):i18-i9.
39. Monahan FD, Phipps WJ. Phipps' medical-surgical nursing: health and illness perspectives: Recording for the Blind & Dyslexic; 2008.
40. Hankey GJ, Wardlaw JM. Clinical neurology: Manson publishing; 2008.
41. Barker RA. The AZ of Neurological Practice: A Guide to Clinical Neurology: Cambridge University Press; 2005.
42. Brunner LS, Smeltzer SCC, Bare BG, Hinkle JL, Cheever KH. Brunner & Suddarth's textbook of medical-surgical nursing: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010.
43. Rowland LP. Merritt's neurology: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia; 2005.
44. Black J, Hawks J. Medical-Surgical Nursing: Clinical Management for Positive Outcomes Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis, MO. 2009.
45. Smeltzer and Bieber. Translate: Sami P.