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Examining the antibody titer obtained from Tri-Reo vaccine in beef mother farms by ELISA method

Number of pages: 48 File Format: word File Code: 31928
Year: 2013 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Veterinary Medicine
Tags/Keywords: Antibody titer - Beef mother farms - Beef mother herds - birds - chicken - Eliza - Reovirus - Tri-Reo vaccine - Vaccination killed - Viral arthritis
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  • Summary of Examining the antibody titer obtained from Tri-Reo vaccine in beef mother farms by ELISA method

    Dissertation for receiving the degree of Doctor of Professional Veterinary Medicine D.V.M

    Abstract:

    Aim: The disease caused by avian reoviruses is one of the important economic diseases in the poultry industry, which causes an increase in losses and culling cases, arthritis, tenosynovitis, and reduced yield and egg quality in broiler poultry, especially broiler chickens. 

    Materials and working method: In the present study, the number of five beef mother farms that had similar conditions in terms of management, nutrition and health conditions were selected and Tri-Reo killed vaccine was used twice in them. ELISA test was used to check antibody titer changes. ELISA test was used to evaluate the effects of the vaccine consumed before the vaccine administration and in the 4th and 8th week after the vaccine injection and at the age of 42 weeks. In order to investigate the effect of the vaccine on the increase of antibody titer before and after vaccination, the paired sample t-test was used.

    Results and discussion:  The results of the study showed that after the administration of the vaccine, the antibody titer increased significantly (p<0.01). Also, the antibody titer four weeks after vaccination was 22487±96/719, eight weeks after vaccination was 24551±64/579, and 18642±447/876 at the age of 42 weeks, which indicates the maintenance of the antibody level during the production period. The results of the present study showed that the administration of two doses of Tri-Reo killed reovirus vaccine creates a suitable protective titer in the ELISA test, which can protect the offspring of these herds from the symptoms caused by the reovirus, in addition to protecting the beef mother herds.

    Keywords: Reovirus of birds, meat mother flocks, ELISA, killed vaccination

    1- Introduction

             Reoviruses are members of the Orthoreovirus genus and from the Reo viride family (Al-Muffarej et al., 1996).  Depending on the species of bird involved, they can show different symptoms. In terms of antigenic characteristics, pathotype, pathogenicity, growth in different culture media, sensitivity to trypsin and host species, they are different from each other (Saif et al., 2008).

    Reoviruses have been isolated from different tissues of infected chickens, which according to the involved organ, have arthritis/viral tenosynovitis/absorptive syndrome/respiratory and digestive problems/reduction The strength of the immune system and the lack of growth syndrome are seen (Cook et al., 1984). The disease shows different symptoms in different ages of the host, and the immunity level of the chickens, the virus pathotype and the involved organ are other factors that determine the severity of the symptoms.

    In broiler, reoviruses are capable of causing a lot of economic damage due to the increase in casualties, arthritis/viral tenosynovitis (Saif, 2003). and reduction in growth and weight gain efficiency, lack of proper nutrition and increase in conversion rate, all of which somehow play a decisive role in determining the final economic value of chickens, are among other losses caused by the herd's involvement with this virus (Afaleq et al., 1989). We see the chicken, which all have an economic burden on the shoulders of this industry.

    The main and easiest way to detect reovirus is to discover it in chickens with viral arthritis. This disease has been seen in nearly 100% of herds in all parts of the world, and it can cause symptoms in both heavy and light breeds. Other diseases caused by reoviruses can be transmitted to birds in the laboratory environment, although the symptoms caused in poultry in this environment may not be exactly the same as the effects of this virus on industrial poultry in the farm environment (Saif et al., 2008). Due to the great importance of viral arthritis, we examine it separately from other diseases caused by reoviruses.

    1-2- Viral arthritis

    This disease is one of the most important diseases caused by different serotypes and pathotypes of reoviruses in poultry. This disease is considered to be the most important disease related to meat breed poultry, but in egg-laying poultry (Hill et al., 1989) and turkey (Liu et al., 2004). has also been reported. By vaccinating turkeys with reovirus strains pathogenic for chickens, turkeys can be made resistant to reovirus. This disease in chickens can be controlled by vaccination, which can include live or killed inactivated vaccine. The most common vaccine strain is the S1133 strain, which has been proven to be effective in creating resistance to reovirus in most parts of the world. Autogenous vaccines are able to make poultry resistant to different serotypes of reo (Gershowitz et al., 1973). Turkeys and other bird species are not routinely vaccinated against viral arthritis.

    1-2-1-History

    In 1957 Fahey & Crawley (Fahey et al., 1954) and some time after that Petek and his colleagues (Petek et al., 1967) were able to isolate reovirus from chickens with chronic respiratory disease. When the Fahey-Crawley virus was injected into the body of a chicken, moderate respiratory problems were observed in that chicken, along with liver necrosis and inflammation of the tendon and synovial layer.

    Olson and his colleagues (in 1957) (Olson et al., 1957) established a synovitis in chickens that was not sensitive to chlortetracycline and furazolidone. In addition, it showed completely different serological symptoms compared to Mg and Ms. This element was later known as the cause of viral arthritis by Olson and Kerr (Olson et al., 1967), later Walker and his colleagues (in 1972) gave it the name reovirus (Walker et al., 1972). Reo called it tenosynovitis. This difference was later proved by Olson & Solomon (Olson et al., 1957). These two were able to prove the existence of tenosynovitis in broiler chickens free of any type of Ms. This isolated agent had completely similar antigenic properties to the Fahey-Crawley virus. The first reports of this disease were presented from America and England, and later the existence of this virus was proven in the whole world (Fahey et al., 1954).

    English abstract:

    Abstract:

    Objective: Diseases of economically important diseases in the poultry industry is Avian Reovirus, which is in broiler and especially broiler breeder increases mortality rate and elimination, arthritis, tenosynovitis, and reduce performance and egg quality.

     

    Materials and Methods: In this study, the five broiler breeder farms were selected that were similar in management, nutritional and sanitary conditions and in these farms Tri-Reo killed vaccine was used twice. ELISA was used to detect changes in antibody titers. For evaluating the effects of vaccine on antibody titers before and 4 and 8 weeks after vaccination and at 42 weeks of age ELISA test was used. To evaluate the effects of vaccination on antibody titers increases before and after vaccination, paired-sample t-test was used. Four weeks after vaccination the antibody was 22487.96±719.304, Eight weeks after vaccination, 579.236±24551.64, and at the age of 42 weeks was 447.876±18642.20, which was indicating the level of antibody maintained during the production period. The results showed that two times killed vaccine administered reovirus Tri-Reo vaccine creates appropriate titer in the ELISA tests, which can also protect broiler breeder flocks, and their progeny from reovirus disease.

  • Contents & References of Examining the antibody titer obtained from Tri-Reo vaccine in beef mother farms by ELISA method

    List:

    Chapter One: Introduction. 1

    1-1- Introduction. 1

    1-2- Viral arthritis. 2

    1-2-1- History. 3

    1-2-2- Epidemiology and prevalence. 4

    1-2-3- Etiology. 4

    1-3- Classification of reovirus strains. 6

    1-3-1- Lab culture of reovirus. 6

    1-3-2- Pathogenicity. 7

    1-3-3- Reovirus relationship with host age. 9

    1-4- Transfer. 9

    1-5- Incubation period: 10

    1-6- Symptoms: 11

    1-6-1- Autopsy symptoms: 12

    1-6-2- Histopathology: 13

    1-7- Immunity. 13

    1-8- Diagnosis: 14

    1-9- Serology. 15

    1-10- control and prevention. 16

    Chapter Two: Research method. 18

    2-1- Research method. 18

    2-1-1- Vaccination program. 19

    2-2-ELISA test 19

    Chapter three: results. 22

    3-1- The results of checking the antibody titer before vaccination in the 5 studied farms: 22

    3-2- The results of checking the antibody titer 4 weeks after vaccination in the 5 studied farms: 23

    3-3- The results of checking the antibody titer 8 weeks after vaccination in the 5 studied farms: 25

    3-4- The results of the examination of the antibody titer at the age of 42 weeks in the 5 farms studied: 26

    3-5- The results of the comparison of the antibody titer before vaccination and 4 weeks after vaccination in the 5 farms studied: 27

    3-5- The results of the comparison of the antibody titer 4 and 8 weeks after vaccination in the 5 farms studied: 29

    3-6- The results of the comparison of antibody levels at 8 weeks after vaccination and at 42 weeks of age in the 5 farms studied: 30

    Chapter four: discussion and conclusion. 31

    Chapter Five: Suggestions. 34

    List of sources: 35

    Latin sources: 35

    English abstract: 39

     

    Source:

     

    1- Zarekari, A., Faizi, A., Nikpiran, H. (2005), evaluation of antibody titer obtained from killed reovirus vaccine in farms. Broiler mother by the Elaiza method, professional doctorate thesis, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch. 2-Hosseini, R., Nikpiran, H, Faizi, A, (2008), comparative study of antibody titers against Newcastle, bronchitis and viral arthritis vaccines in 3 broiler chicken farms with 2 different vaccination programs in West Azarbaijan province, professional doctorate thesis, Islamic Azad University Tabriz Unit.

     

    Latin sources:

    Ref:

     - 3Afaleq, A. A. and Jones, R. C. (1989): Pathogenicity of Three Turkey and Three Chicken Reoviruses for Poults and Chicks with Particular Reference to Arthritis/Tenosynovitis. Avian Pathology 18(3): 433 - 440.

    4Al-Muffarej, S. I., Savage, C. E. and Jones, R. C. (1996): Egg Transmission of Avian Reoviruses in Chickens: Comparison of a Trypsin-Sensitive and a Trypsin-Resistant Strain. Avian Pathology 25(3): 469 - 480.

    - 5 Calnek, B. W. and Barnes, H. J. (1997): Diseases of Poultry. 10th ed., Iowa State University Press, Ames, pp. 6 Cook, M. E., Springer, W. T., Kerr, K. M. and Hebert, J. A. (1984): Severity of Tenosynovitis in Reovirus-Infected Chickens Fed Various Dietary Levels of Choline, Folic Acid, Manganese, Biotin, or Niacin. Avian Dis 28(3): 562-573.

     - 7De Gussem, J., Swam, H., Lievens, K. and De Herdt, P. (2010): Reovirus Tenosynovitis in a Flock of Layer Breeders. Avian Pathology 39(3): 169 - 170.

     - 8Dhillon, A. S., Kibenge, F. S. and Page, R. K. (1986): Viral Arthritis in Fryers Related to Reovirus Infection in Breeders. Avian Dis 30(3): 613-616.

    - 9Ellis, M. N., Eidson, C. S., Fletcher, O. J. and Kleven, S. H. (1983): Viral Tissue Tropisms and Interferon Production in White Leghorn Chickens Infected with Two Avian Reovirus Strains. Avian Dis 27(3): 644-651.

     - 10Fahey, J. E. and Crawley, J. F. (1954): Studies on Chronic Respiratory Disease of Chickens. II. Isolation of a Virus. Can J Comp Med 18(1): 13-21.

     - 11Gershowitz, A. and Wooley, R. E. (1973): Characterization of Two Reoviruses Isolated from Turkeys with Infectious Enteritis. Avian Dis 17(2): 406-414.

     - 12Giambrone, J. J., Hathcock, T.L. and Lockaby, S. B. (1991): Effect of a Live Reovirus Vaccine on Reproductive Performance of Broiler Breeder Hens and Development of Viral Tenosynovitis in Progeny. Avian Dis 35(2): 380-383.

     - 13Glass, S. E., Naqi, S. A., Hall, C. F. and Kerr, K. M. (1973): Isolation and Characterization of a Virus Associated with Arthritis of Chickens. Avian Dis 17(2): 415-424.

     - 14Guneratne, J. R. M., Jones, R. C. and Georgiou, K. (1982): Some Observations on the Isolation and Cultivation of Avian Reoviruses. Avian Pathology 11(3): 453 - 462.

    - 15Haffer, K. (1984): In Vitro and in Vivo Studies with an Avian Reovirus Derived from a Temperature-Sensitive Mutant Clone. Avian Dis 28(3): 669-676.

    - 16 Hieronymus, D. R., Villegas, P. and Kleven, S. H. (1983): Identification and Serological Differentiation of Several Reovirus Strains Isolated from Chickens with Suspected Malabsorption Syndrome. Avian Dis 27(1): 246-254.

     - 17Hill, J. E., Rowland, G. N., Steffens, W. L. and Ard, M. B. (1989): Ultrastructure of the Gastrocnemius Tendon and Sheath from Broilers Infected with Reovirus. Avian Dis 33(1): 79-85.

     - 18Ide, P. R. and Dewitt, W. (1979): Serological Incidence of Avian Reovirus Infection in Broiler-Breeders and Progeny in Nova Scotia. Can. vet. J. 20: 348-353.

    - 19Jones, R. C. and Georgiou, K. (1984): Reovirus-Induced Tenosynovitis in Chickens the Influence of Age at Infection. Avian Pathology 13(3): 441 - 457.

     - 20Kawamura, H. and Tsubahara, H. (1966): Common Antigenicity of Avian Reoviruses. Natl Inst Anim Health Q (Tokyo) 6: 187-193.

    21Liu, H. J., Lee, L. H., Shih, W. L., Li, Y. J. and Su, H. Y. (2004): Rapid Characterization of Avian Reoviruses Using Phylogenetic Analysis, Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction and Restriction Enzyme Fragment Length Polymorphism. Avian Pathology 33(2): 171 - 180.

     - 22Macdonald, J. W., Randall, C. J., Dagless, M. D. and Mcmartin, D. A. (1978): Observations on Viral Tenosynovitis (Viral Arthritis) in Scotland. Avian Pathology 7(4): 471 - 482.

     - 23Magee, D. L., Montgomery, R. D., Maslin, W. R., Wu, C. C. and Jack, S. W. (1993): Reovirus Associated with Excessive Mortality in Young Bobwhite Quail. Avian Dis 37(4): 1130-1135.

     - 24Malkinson, M., Perk, K. and Weisman, Y. (1981): Reovirus Infection of Young Muscovy Ducks (Cairina Moschata). Avian Pathology 10(4): 433 - 440.

    - 25 Margolin, A. (1983). Clinical Evaluation of Broiler Chickens Infected with Several Reovirus Pathotypes, University of Delaware, 1984.: xi, 91 leaves.

    - 26 Meanger, J., Wickramasinghe, R., Enriquez, C. E. and Wilcox, G. E. (1997): Immune Response to Avian Reovirus in Chickens and Protection against Experimental Infection. Australian Veterinary Journal 75(6): 428-432.

     - 27Menendez, N. A., Calnek, B. W. and Cowen, B. S. (1975): Experimental Egg-Transmission of Avian Reovirus. Avian Dis 19(1): 104-111.

     - 28Montgomery, R. D., Villegas, P. and Kleven, S. H. (1986): Role of Route of Exposure, Age, Sex, and Type of Chicken on the Pathogenicity of Avian Reovirus Strain 81-176. Avian Dis 30(3): 460-467.

     - 29Mukiibi-Muka, G. and Jones, R. C. (1999): Local and Systemic Iga and Igg Responses of Chicks to Avian Reoviruses: Effects of Age of Chick, Route of Infection and Virus Strain. Avian Pathology 28(1): 54 - 60.

     - 30Nersessian, B. N., Goodwin, M. A., Page, R. K., Kleven, S. H. and Brown, J. (1986): Studies on Orthoreoviruses Isolated from Young Turkeys. III. Pathogenic Effects in Chicken Embryos, Chicks, Poults, and Suckling Mice. Avian Dis 30(3): 585-592.

     - 31Olson, N. O. and Kerr, K. M. (1967): The Duration and Distribution of Synovitis-Producing Agents in Chickens. Avian Dis 11(4): 578-585.

     - 32Olson, N. O., Kerr, K. M. and Campbell, A. (1963): Control of Infectious Synovitis. 12. Preparation of an Agglutination Test Antigen.

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